Vaccines Active immunity viral protein without genetic

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Vaccines (Active immunity) viral protein without
genetic Info. (either from outside of envelope
or the capsid protein itself) Prepares immune
system for future Attacks, gives time to build up
defense (helps Acquired Immunity)
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Antibiotics

• Chemicals produced by other organisms (like other
  bacteria or fungi) that kill/inhibit bacterial
  growth (not viruses!)
• Eg. Penicillin, Ampicillin.
• Harms/prevents formation of bacterial cell wall
  (makes holes) causes water to flow in from
  high to low concentration, remember? and kills
  bacterium.

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Protection 1
skin

• _______ 1st line of defense
• Secretions mucus, sweat, oil, saliva, etc.
• Lysozyme ? enzyme that breaks down cell walls
  (sound familiar?)
• Inflammation why? (redness,swelling, pain, heat)

Histamine released into area chemical causing
dilation of blood vessels (increase of blood and
fluid causes swelling and pain)
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Protection 2
Phagocytes

• White blood cells (____________)
• Macrophages, among others
• Have lysozyme enzyme inside

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Lymphatic system (Protection 3)Lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils, thymus gland, appendix

• Lymph node contains lymphocytes
  (T-cells, B-cells)
• -Filters pathogens
• -Armpits,neck, intestines.
• -get big when infection present

Type of white blood cell that defends the body
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Antibody Immunity

• Antigen foreign invaders have proteins on their
  surface for recognition
• When an antigen is present, body produces
  ___________ in response, that are specific
  (complementary) to that antigen (shape matches!)

antibodies
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Immunity Cont

• 1. Cellular attack (Macrophages.)
• 2. Antibody response
• Macrophages bring antigen proteins to T-cells
  after eating the pathogen
• T-cells (produced in bone marrow) 2 kinds
• Helper T-cell interacts with B-cells
• Signals B-cell to become Plasma cells and produce
  antibodies in the blood (Up to 2000 antibody
  molecules per second!)
• Some B-cells dont become Plasma cells and
  produce antibodies, but get prepared and
  wait.for future infection (Memory B-cells)
• Enables a much faster response should that
  antigen be encountered again. (See slide 1
  Vaccine graph)

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Killer T-cell specific for a single
antigen Insert enzymes directly into pathogen
causing it to lyse and die
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What? I dont understand!

• Macrophage eats antigen (the pathogen)
• Proteins from antigen are expressed on macrophage
  surface
• T-cells recognize these antigen proteins as
  non-self and start signaling
• Some become Killer T-cells secrete enzymes
  directly into infected cells and kill them
• Others become Helper T-cells which stimulates
  more Killer T-cell growth, and stimulates growth
  of B-cells and their production of antibodies
  (helper T-cells are like the conductor of an
  orchestra telling everyone when and how to
  play)