BIO 147 Test 2

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BIO 147 Test 2

• Review

W. Klopfenstein
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Topics Covered

• Skeletal Anatomy
• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Anatomy of the Digestive System
• Enzymes
• Activity of catalase
• Activity of salivary amylase

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Caution!

• Do not use these images in lieu of going to lab!
  Your chances of doing well on the lab test are
  likely to be poor if you dont actually view the
  slides, models and dissections first hand in the
  lab.
• The lab test will not be constructed from the
  images of this PowerPoint presentation.
• This presentation does not necessarily review
  every aspect of the lab exercises on which you
  will be tested.
• This review is meant to be one of several ways of
  assessing your general preparedness for the lab
  test.

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Skeletal Anatomy

• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton

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Identify the Bones Indicated in this Drawing
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Axial Skeleton
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The Skull and Hyoid Bone
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Identify the bones indicated by arrows on the
next set of slides.
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Is this bone superior or inferior to the atlas
and axis? Is this bone superior or inferior to
the clavicle?
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Identify the suturesindicated by arrows in the
next slides.
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Identify the bone markings (not the whole bone)
indicated by arrows on the next set of slides.
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Name the sinus that would be located within the
bone below each arrow on the following slides.
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The Vertebral Column

• There are _____ cervical vertebrae.
• There are _____ thoracic vertebrae.
• There are _____ lumbar vertebrae.
• The sacrum is composed of ____ fused vertebrae.
• The Coccyx is composed of ____ fused vertebrae.

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Identify the cervical vertebra, the thoracic
vertebra and the lumbar vertebra on this slide.
2.
1.
3.
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Identify these two collections of fused vertebrae.
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Identify the label structures on this vertebra
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Which one of these two vertebrae is a thoracic
vertebra and which is a lumbar vertebrae? (Hint
Look at the indicated surfaces. These are
equivalent structures on both vertebrae.)
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Vertebrae questions?

• Which specific vertebra has no body?
• Which specific vertebra has a dens (odontoid
  process)?
• Which type of vertebra articulate with the ribs?
• Which vertebra articulates with the occipital
  bone?
• With what do the superior articular surfaces of
  vertebrae articulate?
• What vertebra is referred to as C1 and what
  vertebra is referred to as C2 ?

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What components of the vertebral column are
represented by the structures at the tips of the
arrows?
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Identify the two specific vertebrae labeled 1.
and 2. on this slide.
1.
2.
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Identify the indicated structures on these
vertebrae.
(foramen)
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Which specific vertebra is seen here? Identify
the foramen on this vertebra.
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Identify these indicated surfaces on this
thoracic vertebra. What articulates with these
surfaces?
46
Identify each of the articulating processes on
this thoracic vertebra.
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These are two views of the same bone. Identify
the labeled bone markings.
(hole)
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Sternum and Ribs
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Identify the bone seen here and its three
component parts indicated by the black arrows.
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?
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Identify the bone markings indicated by black
arrows on this bone.
What structure is normally found attached to this
portion of the bone?
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• Which of the numbered ribs seen here are termed
• True
• False
• False, Floating
• False, non-floating
• Vertebral
• Vertebrochondral
• Vertebrosternal

?
1.
2.
?
3.
4.
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Ribs

• There are ____ pairs of true ribs.
• There are ____ pairs of false ribs.
• There are ____ pairs of floating ribs.

Matching the terms on the left with those on the
rightA. True rib 1. Vertebral rib B. False,
non-floating rib 2. Vertebrochondral rib C.
False, Floating rib 3. Vertebrosternal rib
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List these bones in order from most superior to
most inferior.
1.
4.
5.
1.
1.
5.
3.
3.
3.
2.
4.
4.
2.
2.
5.
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Identify this bone.
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Identify the bones seen on each of the following
slides
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Identify the indicated bones
(group name)
(group name)
(group name)
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Identify the indicated bones
(group name)
(group name)
(group name)
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Which of the bones seen here are shown in a
posterior view?
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Which of these bones are from the right side of
the body and which are from the left side of the
body?
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
3.
4.
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Which view, ? or ?, is the ventral (anterior)
view of this bone?
?
?
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Identify the bone markings (not the whole bone)
indicated by arrows on the next set of slides.
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(fossa)
(fossa)
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(fossa)
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(Rough area on lateral aspect of bone)
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Ventral, distal views
Dorsal, distal view
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Is this a lateral or medial view?
(name joint that this region forms)
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1.
Which of the labeled areas is the ilium, which is
the ischium and pubis of this bone?
2.
3.
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Appendicular Skeleton Questions

• Is the radius medial or lateral to the ulna?
• Is the fibula medial or lateral to the tibia?
• Does the fibula articulate with the femur?
• What is the common name for the calcaneus?
• Name two bones that articulate with the scapula?
• Is the lesser tubercle on the anterior or
  posterior aspect of the humerus?
• Is the lesser trochanter on the anterior or
  posterior aspect of the femur?

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Articulations
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For each the structures indicated by arrows on
the following slides name the whole bone that
articulates with the structure.
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Name two bones that are not tarsals that
articulate with this bone.
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For each the structures indicated by arrows on
the following slides name the bone marking (not
the whole bone) that articulates with the
structure.
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Ventral, distal views
Dorsal, distal view
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Links for Reviewing Skeletal Anatomy

• http//www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/
• http//www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/ske
  l/skeletal.htm

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Anatomy of the Digestive System
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(tip of structure)
Identify each of these structures.
(gland)
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Identify each of these structures.
(cavity)
(cavity)
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(tip of structure)
Identify each of these structures.
(cavity)
(cavity)
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Identify the indicated salivary gland.
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Identify the three salivary glands seen here.
100
Identify each of these organs.
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Identify the three regions of the stomach
indicated here by the black arrows. Name the
sphincter in the region of the blue arrow in each
photo.
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Identify each of the organs indicated by the
black arrows and the duct indicated by the blue
arrow.
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Identify the regions of the small intestines
indicated here by the black arrows. Name the
sphincter in the region of the blue arrow and the
duct indicated by the red arrow.
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Identify each of the indicated regions of the
large intestine.
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Identify the indicated structure associated with
the transverse colon.
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What ducts opens into the small intestine in this
region?
What region of the small intestine directly
follows this structure.
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Identify each of the indicated regions of the
large intestine.
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Slide of the Small Intestine
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On this slide of the small intestine identify the
muscularis, mucosa and submucosa according to the
numbered region in the photo.
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What is this finger-like process called?
What layer of tissue is found in the center of
this structure?
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Identify this layer of tissue
Identify this layer of tissue
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This is a slide on the mucosa of the small
intestine.
Identify the cell type at the tip of the arrow.
Identify the cell type at the tip of the arrow.
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Liver Anatomy
Identify the four lobes of the liver seen on
these two inferior views Right lobe Caudate
lobe Left Lobe Quadrate lobe
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• Identify the following structures indicated by
  arrows
• Bile duct
• Common Hepatic duct
• Cystic duct
• Duodenum
• Gall Bladder
• L. Hepatic duct
• Pancreas
• Pancreatic duct
• R. Hepatic Duct

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Identify the organs indicated by black arrows.
Identify the ducts of the biliary system
indicated by yellow arrows.
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Identify the organs indicated by the black
arrows. Identify the indicated ducts of the
biliary system each indicated by the white arrows.
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Large Vessels Associated With The Liver
Compare these three vessels as to their relative
O2 content and nutrient content following a
meal. 1. Hepatic Artery2. Hepatic Portal Vein3.
Hepatic Vein What group of organs deliver blood
to the hepatic portal vein?
HEPATIC VEIN
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Identify the indicated blood vessel
(red colored vessel)
(red colored vessel)
(blue colored vessel)
(blue colored vessel)
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This slide is from what organ of the body?
What is the name for the structure outline here?
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Reference drawings of a liver lobule
C.
B.
A.

• Portal Triad
• The portal vein and the hepatic artery are
  bundled with the bile duct in the portal triad
• Portal vein the largest component, thin
  walled, and often irregular shape
• Hepatic artery relatively small with a thick
  wall often a typical arteriolar arrangement
• Bile duct small with the thickest wall due to
  simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium

B.
A.
C.
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Liver Lobule Slide
This region is referred to as a triad. What three
types of vessels are found here?
Identify this space in the center of the lobule.
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Triad of a Liver Lobule
Note Walls are composed of cuboidal epithelium
Label the four indicated structures Hepatocytes
Sinusoid Hepatic Artery Portal vein Bile Duct
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Liver review questions.

• What three types of vessels are found in the
  triads associated with liver lobules?
• What group of organs contribute venous blood that
  flows into the hepatic portal vein?
• List some of the functions of hepatocytes.
• Describe the arrangement of sinusoids in a liver
  lobule.
• Do the central veins of liver lobules deliver
  blood to the hepatic veins?
• Compare and contrast the composition of blood in
  the hepatic portal vein with that of the hepatic
  artery.
• What is the function of bile canalicui in liver
  lobules?
• Where is bile released into the lumen of the
  digestive tract?

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Enzymes

• Catalase Experiment
• Amylase Experiment

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Complete this equation
2H2O2
2H2O ? What is the enzyme that promotes
the above reaction? What is the enzyme's
substrate? What are the products of this
enzymatic reaction? What is the chemical name of
H2O2 ? What was the source of the catalase that
you used in lab? What happens to an enzyme when
it is denatured?

catalase
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Tubes 1 and 2 each contain a small piece of liver
to which H2O2 was added. One of these tubes
contains a piece of liver that had been placed in
boiling water before the H2O2 was added. The
other tube contained fresh liver that had not
been in boiling water. Which tube, 1 or 2,
contained the boiled liver tissue? What gas was
released in Tube 2?
1. 2.
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Below is a blackboard drawing of the equipment
set up for the catalase experiment.
What did you do with is set-up to bring the
enzyme in contact with its substrate? What did
you measure over a period of a minute to
determine the level of activity of catalase? What
collects in the area of the tube indicated by the
black arrow?
Liver soaked paper
Buffer H2O2
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Catalase Experiment
Which piece of equipment seen here was used to
collect O2 ? Which piece of equipment was used as
the reaction chamber in this experiment? Which
piece of equipment seen here was initially filled
with water in the catalase experiment?
3.
2.
4.
1.
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The filter paper seen here was used to add _____
to the reaction chamber. A. H2O B. H2O2 C.
Catalase D. Buffer
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The two pieces of pH paper seen here were used to
test the pH of two different solutions. Which
tape, A or B, indicates a more acidic solution?
A. B.
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The material in this container was the source of
_____ in this experiment.A. ProductB.
SubstrateC. EnzymeD. O2E. H2O2F. All of the
above
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• These solutions used in this experiment
• were all acidic solutionsB. were all acidic
  solutionsC. were buffer solutionsD. each
  contained catalaseE. each contained H2O2

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Below is a sample graph of student results from
the catalase experiment. What appears to be the
optimal pH for this enzyme?
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Below is a sample graph of student results from
the catalase experiment.
B.
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C.
D.
A.
Which point on the graph (A, B C or D?) would
indicate the pH at which the least amount of
denaturation of the enzyme is taking place?
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Below is sample plot of data points from an
enzyme experiment (not catalase in this case).
high
Enzyme activity
low

• 3 5 7 9 11 13

pH
What appears to be the optimal pH for this enzyme?
136
Amylase Experiment
137
Complete this equation
starch water
? What is the enzyme promoting the above
reaction? What is the enzyme's substrate? What
are the products of this enzymatic reaction? What
was the source of the amylase that was used in
lab? Does the above reaction represent hydrolysis
or dehydration synthesis?
amylase
138
Which of these tubes demonstrates a positive
iodine test for starch?
1. 2.
139
Which of these tubes is demonstrates a positive
Benedicts test for sugar?
1.
2.
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The material here seen being ground up was the
source of _____ in the amylase experiment. A.
glycogen B. starch C. sugar D. catalase
E. amylase
141
Which these two test reagents required heating
the sample being tested?
142
Which of these two compounds above would give a
positive reaction with Benedicts Reagent? Which
of these two compounds above would give a
positive reaction with iodine?
143
Amylase experiment questions.

• What is the substrate of amylase?
• What organs secrete amylase?
• What are the products of the amylase catalyzed
  reactions?
• In these reactions of this experiment, did the
  substrate molecules undergo hydrolysis or
  dehydration synthesis?