Energy Sources

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Energy Sources
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Fossil Fuels

• Natural Resource
• Non-renewable

ETHANE
METHANE
COAL
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Formation of Coal
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Fossil Fuels

• Formed from the remains of organisms that lived
  long ago
• Ex. oil, coal, and natural gas.
• Most of the energy we use comes from fossil
  fuels.
• We use fossil fuels to run cars, ships, planes,
  and factories and to produce electricity.

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Fossil Fuels

• Two main problems with fossil fuels.
• Limited Supply
• Environmental consequences.
• Societies try to fix problems two ways
• Explore alternatives to fossil fuels
• Develop better ways to use fossil fuels

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Fossil Fuels

• Fuel is used for four main purposes
• Transportation
• Manufacturing
• Heating and cooling buildings
• Generating electricity to run machines and
  appliances
• Different fuels are used for different purposes.
• The suitability of a fuel for each application
  depends on the fuels energy content, cost,
  availability, safety, and byproducts.

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How fossil-fuel deposits form

• Not distributed evenly
• Abundance of oil in Texas and Alaska, but very
  little in Maine.
• Eastern United States produces more coal than
  other areas.
• Difference lies in the geologic history of the
  areas.

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How fossil fuel deposits form

• Coal forms from the remains of plants that lived
  in swamps hundreds of millions of years ago.
• As ocean levels rose and fell, swamps were
  repeatedly covered with sediment.
• Layers of sediment compressed the plant remains,
  and heat and pressure within the Earths crust
  caused coal to form.
• Much of the coal in the United States formed
  about 300 to 250 million years ago.

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How fossil fuel deposits form

• Oil and natural gas result from the decay of tiny
  marine organisms that accumulated on the bottom
  of the ocean millions of years ago.
• Remains were buried by sediments and then heated
  until they became complex energy-rich carbon
  molecules.
• Molecules move into porous rock formations

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Coal

• Most of the worlds fossil-fuel reserves are made
  up of coal.
• Coal is relatively inexpensive and needs little
  refining after being mined (sulfur may need to be
  removed).
• Asia and North America are particularly rich in
  coal deposits.

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PUZZLE

• WHAT'S THE LARGEST NUMBER OF COINS YOU CAN HAVE
  WITHOUT HAVING EVEN CHANGE FOR A DOLLAR?
• I have two U.S. coins that add up to fifty-five
  cents. One is not a nickel. What coins are they?

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PUZZLE

• A CERTAIN FIVE LETTER WORD BECOMES SHORTER WHEN
  YOU ADD TWO LETTERS TO IT. WHAT IS THE WORD?

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Coal and the Environment

• Underground mining can have a minimal effect on
  the environment at the surface
• Surface coal-mining operations sometimes remove
  the top of an entire mountain to reach the coal
  deposit.

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Coal

• Dirtiest of all fossil fuels
• Emissions result in
• Acid rain
• Global warming
• Polluted water

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Underground Mining

• Include drift, slope, and shaft mining
• Drift mines enter horizontally into the side of a
  hill.
• Slope mines usually begin in a valley bottom, and
  a tunnel slopes down to the coal to be mined.
• Shaft mines a vertical shaft with an elevator is
  made from the surface down to the coal.

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Surface Mining

• Include area, contour, mountaintop removal, and
  auger mining.
• Area mines remove shallow coal over a broad area
  where the land is fairly flat.
• Contour mines pull coal from steep, hilly, or
  mountainous terrain.

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Surface Mining

• Mountaintop removal mines are used where several
  thick coal seams occur near the top of a
  mountain. The top of the mountain is removed.
• Auger mines are operated on surface-mine benches.
  The coal in the side of the hill that can't be
  reached by contour mining is drilled (or augured)
  out.

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Coal

• The quality of coal varies.
• Higher-grade coals, such as bituminous coal,
  produce more heat and less pollution than
  lower-grade coal, such as lignite.
• Sulfur can be a major source of pollution when
  burned.
• Air pollution and acid rain results from burning
  high-sulfur coal.
• Clean-burning coal technology has dramatically
  reduced air pollution in countries like the US.

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Brown Coal
Black Coal
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Clean-burning Coal Technology

• Coal washing
• Mixes crushed coal with liquid, impurities settle
  out
• Scrubbers
• Control the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen
• Limestone and water in flue becomes gypsumpart
  of drywall
• Carbon Capture
• Capture CO2 and store it in rocks or under the
  ocean floor
• Gasification
• Avoids burning coal, uses the vapors to turn the
  turbine

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Carbon Sequestration
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Gasification
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Oil

• Oil has many nicknames
• Dinosaur juice
• Devils blood
• Earths blood
• Black gold

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Petroleum/Crude Oil

• Petroleum is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons.
• Petroleum, aka crude oil.
• Petroleum accounts for 45 of the worlds
  commercial energy use.

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Fractional Distillation
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Puzzle

• You are driving a Ford Fusion (C18 mpg H 26
  mpg). Your tank contains only 1 gallon of gas
  (Tank can hold 17.5 gallons). Is it worth it to
  drive 10 miles out of your way to get to a gas
  station that is selling gasoline 5 cents cheaper
  than the closer stations? (1.93 vs. 1.98)
• 10 cents cheaper? (1.88)

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Oil

• Oil is found in and around major geologic
  features, such as folds and faults, that trap oil
  as it moves in the Earths crust.
• Most of the worlds oil reserves are in the
  Middle East. Large deposits also exist in the
  United States, Venezuela, the North Sea, Siberia,
  and Nigeria.
• Geologists use many different methods to locate
  the rock formations that could contain oil.

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One 42-gallon barrel of oil creates 20 gallons
of gasoline. The rest is used to make things
like

• Solvents Diesel Motor Oil Bearing Grease Ink
  Floor Wax Ballpoint Pens Football Cleats
  Upholstery Sweaters Boats Insecticides Bicycle
  Tires Sports Car Bodies Nail Polish Fishing lures
  Dresses Tires Golf Bags Perfumes Cassettes
  Dishwasher Tool Boxes Shoe Polish Motorcycle
  Helmet Caulking Petroleum Jelly Transparent Tape
  CD Player Faucet Washers Antiseptics Clothesline
  Curtains Food Preservatives Basketballs Soap
  Vitamin Capsules Antihistamines Purses Shoes
  Dashboards Cortisone Deodorant Footballs Putty
  Dyes Panty Hose Refrigerant Percolators Life
  Jackets Rubbing Alcohol Linings Skis TV Cabinets
  Shag Rugs Electrician's Tape Tool Racks Car
  Battery Cases Epoxy Paint Mops Slacks Insect
  Repellent Oil Filters Umbrellas Yarn Fertilizers
  Hair Coloring Roofing Toilet Seats Fishing Rods
  Lipstick Denture Adhesive Linoleum Ice Cube Trays
  Synthetic Rubber Speakers Plastic Wood Electric
  Blankets Glycerin Tennis Rackets Rubber Cement
  Fishing Boots Dice Nylon Rope Candles Trash Bags
  House Paint Water Pipes Hand Lotion Roller Skates
  Surf Boards Shampoo Wheels Paint Rollers Shower
  Curtains Guitar Strings Luggage Aspirin Safety
  Glasses Antifreeze Football Helmets Awnings
  Eyeglasses Clothes Toothbrushes Ice Chests
  Footballs Combs CD's Paint Brushes Detergents
  Vaporizers Balloons Sun Glasses Tents Heart
  Valves Crayons Parachutes Telephones Enamel
  Pillows Dishes Cameras Anesthetics Artificial
  Turf Artificial limbs Bandages Dentures Model
  Cars Folding Doors Hair Curlers Cold cream Movie
  film Soft Contact lenses Drinking Cups Fan Belts
  Car Enamel Shaving Cream Ammonia Refrigerators
  Golf Balls Toothpaste Gasoline

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Oil

• Petroleum fuel releases pollutants when burned.
• contribute to smog and cause health problems.
• Carbon dioxide released from burning petroleum
  fuels contributes to global warming.

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Oil

• Oil spills from tankers are potential
  environmental problems
• More oil pollution comes from everyday
  sourcesleaking cars.
• Measures to reduce everyday sources lag behind
  the efforts to prevent large spills.

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Oil

• No large oil reserves have been discovered in the
  past decade.
• Geologists predict that oil production from land
  will peak in about 2010.
• Additional oil reserves exist under the ocean,
  but it is expensive to drill for oil in the deep
  ocean.
• Currently, oil platforms can be built to drill
  for oil in the ocean, but much of the oil in the
  deep ocean is currently inaccessible.

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Octane in Gasoline

• Check the owners manual of your car to see which
  grade of gasoline is appropriate.
• The numbers 87, 89, 91 refer to the amounts of
  slow burning octane present in the gasoline.
• Branched octane burns slower than linear octane.

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Linear Octane faster burning
Branched Octanes slower burning
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World Energy Use

• Other countries, such as Japan and Switzerland,
  depend on extensive rail systems and are smaller,
  compact countries
• Residents of the United States and Canada enjoy
  some of the lowest gasoline taxes in the world.
  There is little incentive to conserve gasoline
  when cost is so low.

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Natural Gas

• About 20 of the worlds nonrenewable energy
  comes from natural gas.
• Natural gas, or methane (CH4), produces fewer
  pollutants than other fossil fuels when burned.
• Electric power plants can also use this
  clean-burning fuel.

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Natural Gas Reserves
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Electricity

• Because electricity is more convenient to use,
  the energy in fuel is often converted before
  used.
• Electricity can be transported quickly across
  great distances.
• This makes it a good source of power for
  computers, light switches, and more.
• Two disadvantages of electricity
• Difficult to store
• Other energy sources have to be used to generate
  it.

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Electricity

• Move a piece of wire next to a magnet and
  electricity is produced
• Why not let the wind or water do the work for
  you?
• Windmills
• Hydroelectric dams

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Nuclear Power

• Today, nuclear power accounts for 17 of the
  worlds electricity.

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Nuclear Power

• Nuclear power plants get their power from nuclear
  energy.
• 1 lb. of highly enriched uranium is equal to
  about a million gallons of gasoline
• Nuclear energy is the energy released by a
  fission or fusion reaction. It represents the
  binding energy of the atomic nucleus.
• The forces that hold together a nucleus of an
  atom are more than 1 million times stronger than
  the chemical bonds between atoms.
• Uranium-235 is the fuel.

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Uranium

• Uranium-238 is present on Earth in fairly large
  quantities.
• U-238 makes up 99 percent of the uranium on Earth
  
• Uranium-235 makes up about 0.7 percent of the
  remaining uranium found naturally.

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Uranium

• Uranium-238 must be enriched so that it contains
  2 to 3 percent more U-235.
• Three-percent enrichment is ok for nuclear power
  plants
• Weapons-grade uranium has at least 90 percent
  U-235.

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Fission

• Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus
  of a large atom into two or more fragments.
• The nuclei of uranium atoms are bombarded with
  atomic particles called neutrons. These
  collisions cause the nuclei to split.
• Nuclear fission releases a tremendous amount of
  energy and more neutrons, which in turn collide
  with more uranium nuclei.

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Fission
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Fusion

• One possible future energy source is nuclear
  fusion.
• Nuclear fusion is the combination of the nuclei
  of small atoms to form a larger nucleus. Fusion
  releases tremendous amounts of energy.
• It is potentially a safer energy source than
  nuclear fission is because it creates less
  dangerous radioactive byproducts.

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Fusion
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Fusion

• Although the potential for nuclear fusion is
  great, so is the technical difficulty of
  achieving that potential.
• For fusion to occur, three things must occur
  simultaneously
• Atomic nuclei must be heated to extremely high
  temperatures (about 100,000,000ºC or
  180,000,000ºF).
• The nuclei must be maintained at very high
  conditions.
• The nuclei must be properly confined.
• The technical problems are so complex that
  building a nuclear fusion plant may take decades
  or may never happen.

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Nuclear Power

• The heat released during nuclear reactions is
  used to generate electricity in the same way that
  power plants burn fossil fuels to generate
  electricity.

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Nuclear Power
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Advantages of Nuclear Power

• Concentrated energy source.
• Does not produce air-polluting gases.
• Countries with limited fossil-fuel resources can
  use nuclear plants to supply electricity.

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Disadvantages of Nuclear Power

• Building and maintaining a safe reactor is very
  expensive.
• Makes nuclear plants no longer competitive with
  other energy sources in many countries.
• Mining and purifying uranium is not a very clean
  process.
• Transporting nuclear fuel to and from plants
  poses a contamination risk.

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Disadvantages of Nuclear Power

• Finding a safe place to store nuclear waste.
• Storage sites for nuclear wastes must be located
  in areas that are geologically stable for tens of
  thousands of years.

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Nuclear Waste

• Ave. nuclear waste 20 metric tons a year
  classified as high-level radioactive waste.
• Nuclear power plants produce a great deal of
  low-level radioactive waste
• radiated machinery

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Nuclear Waste

• High level waste will decay to safe levelstakes
  thousands of years
• Low-level radioactive wastehundreds of years

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Dangers

• The Chernobyl reactor was destroyed in 1986 when
  an unauthorized test blasted radioactive
  materials into the air.
• Hundreds of people in the Ukraine died from
  radioactive exposure.
• Contaminated from this disaster remains.

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Danger

• Nuclear accident in the US occurred in 1979 at
  the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in
  Pennsylvania.
• Human error, along with blocked valves and broken
  pumps