Social and Economic Development During the 19th century'

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Social and Economic Development During the 19th
century.

• The British Empire and the United States

Presenters Bogdan Bogdanov Nenad
Miladinovic Alexander Bonev Denislav Dyakov
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Contents

• Economic Development of the British Empire
• Economic Development of the United States
• Comparison
• Social Development of the British Empire
• Social Development of the United States
• Comparison

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The British Empire
Economic Development during the 19th century.

• The American Revolution and the French War
  Aftermath
• The Great Industrial Revolution (1815-1837)
• The Golden Era (1837-1870)
• The End of the Victorian Era (1870-1901)

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The Industrial Revolution (1815-1837)
The Fundamentals

• Growing autonomy of intellectual inquiry
• The use of the mechanical clock
• for scientific purposes
• The advance in science
• The steam engine
• Developed private enterprise

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The Industrial Revolution (Contd)
The Economic Impact

• Efficient utilization of energy
• Production of labor saving machinery
• The boom in the light industry
• Textile industry
• Hosiery industry
• Knitting industry
• Development of the heavy industry
• Iron mining
• Coal mining
• Huge private profits

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The Industrial Revolution (Contd)
The Devastating Unemployment

• Rapid demographic growth
• Demobilization of the army
• Immigrants from poor Scotland and Ireland
• Modernization labor saving machinery
• High levels of unemployment
• Poverty
• A hope for a better future emigration to the
  colonies

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The Industrial Revolution (Contd)
The Devastating Unemployment in Numbers

• Growth of Employment lt Population Growth during
  1700-1820
• Note that Rate of Unemployment is NOT equal to (1
  Employment Rate)

Population - in thousands of people
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The Golden Era (1837-1870)
The Reign of Queen Victoria

• Government stimulus in the agricultural sector
• Government intervention on the labor market
• The free trade country
• Expansion of colonization

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The Golden Era (Contd)
The Expansion of the Private Business

• Modern technologies in textile industries
• Leading driving force of the British economy
• Scientific discoveries of efficient use of iron
  and steel
• Massive railroad building
• Iron and steel shipbuilding
• Development of international trade
• Worlds greatest exporter
• Powerful banking system
• Worlds biggest creditor

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The Golden Era (Contd)
The Expansion in Numbers
Real GDP - Millions 1990 international US dollars
GDP per Capita - 1990 international US dollars
Population - in thousands of people
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The End of the Victorian Era (1870-1901)
The Competition

• Industrial development the western world
• Know-how to extract resources
• Know-how to utilize energy efficiently
• Decreasing demand for the British export
• Start of a rival competition
• The United States
• Germany

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The End of the Victorian Era (Contd)
The Effects on the Economy

• Agricultural industry destroyed
• Extremely cheap import of grain from the Americas
  and Australia
• Heavy industry decreasing rates of growth
• Mining industry decreasing rates of growth
• Light industry steady growth
• Banking sector
• Decreasing rates of growth
• Underestimation of risk
• Few defaults

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19th century America

• Economic development and Industrialization

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19th century US in 3 periods

• National Expansion and Reform 1800-1860
• Civil War and Recovery 1861-1876
• Rise of Industrial America 1876-1900

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Industrialization 101

• End of Civil War
• Created new united economy striving for
  industrialization
• Agriculture
• Provided stable grounds for the industrialization
  process

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Main characteristics of American industrialization

• Increased labor force in organized factories
• Machines rather than hand
• Technological Innovation

Employment Rate - Note that Rate of Unemployment
is NOT equal to (1 Employment Rate)
Population - in thousands of people
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Main characteristics of American industrialization

• Transportation network developed
• Expanded Markets
• Growth in Enterprise
• Urbanization

Manufacturing Employment in the Metropolitan
Industrial Complexesof New York, Philadelphia,
Boston, and Baltimoreas a Percentage of National
Manufacturing Employment in 1840
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The important small steps

• Andrew Carnegie
• Standardization of gauge
• Time zone adoption
• Adoption of steel rails

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Resources of Industrialization

• Silver, Gold and Zinc
• Coal
• Oil
• Water resources

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Labor Organization

• Labor organizations
• Composition of Labor
• Working conditions

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The Causes of Industrial Growth

• No single cause
• Some elements are both cause and effect
• Thank you

Real GDP - Millions 1990 international US dollars
GDP per Capita - 1990 international US dollars
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The British Empire Vs The United States
Comparison in Economic Development
Population - in thousands of people
Employment Rate - Note that Rate of Unemployment
is NOT equal to (1 Employment Rate)
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The British Empire Vs The United States
Comparison in Economic Development (Contd)
The British Empire
The United States
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The British Empire Vs The United States
Comparison in Economic Development (Contd)
Real GDP - Millions 1990 international US dollars
GDP per Capita - 1990 international US dollars
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The British Empire Vs The United States
Comparison in Economic Development (Contd)
Rate of Growth of GDP - annual average compound
growth rates
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Social Development of UK During The 19th Century

• Population Growth
• Urbanization Increase
• Education System Development

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Population Growth and Increase in Urbanization

• Census Act (1800) England 8.3mln
• Population of Europe 200 millions
• Growth of 1 per year
• Improvements in agriculture increased its
  productivity
• More food for everyone
• More producers and more consumers

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• Great Famine
• in Ireland (1840s) ? Migration to England
• 18 million left British Islands (1815-1914)

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Increase in Urbanization

• Most urbanized country in the beginning of the
  century
• Mechanization in agriculture caused increase in
  rural unemployment
• It was cheaper to carry the finished products of
  industry, such as textiles and iron, to distant
  markets than to carry food and raw materials to
  concentrations of workers. Cameron and Neal
• Following the fuel
• English Midlands and Scottish Lowlands

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• Great increase in urbanization
• Governments ineffective urbanization planning
• Poor quality and over-crowded housing
• Segregated cities
• What to breath? What to eat? What to drink? Where
  to dump?
• Cholera and typhoid
• 23/1000 mortality rate
• Public Health Act (1848)

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• Development of water supply and sewers systems in
  1860s and 1870s
• Cleaner and healthier cities in the end of the
  century

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Education System

• Religious barriers in the 1st half of the century
• Secular vs. Spiritual thought
• Rich people dont like smart and poor ones
• Church has to be the boss
• Child labor
• Successful voluntary school system

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Events Favoring National Education System

• Early ideas of new education system Samuel
  Whitebread (1807)
• Education to reduce crime, poverty and strikes
• Idea of generalized education (Carlyle and
  Ruskin)
• Forster Act (1870) 1st Education Act
• Dual System
• Factory Acts (1833, 1844, 1867)

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Rise of the First National Education System

• Lack of technical education in Britain
• The Education League (1869)
• Durhlam Univ. (1832), University of London
  (1836), University of Westminster (1838)
• Nationwide elementary schools and school
  districts
• Women involvement in School Boards
• Elementary schools for children of ages from 5 to
  13
• Religion as an integral part of education but not
  compulsory
• Education Act (1891)

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Social Development in the United States during
the 19th century
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Fertility Rates Decline a response to a
changing social environment
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Population Growth
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Urbanization in the US
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Problems related to Urbanization

• Dirty, crowded and noisy cities
• Overpopulated
• Infrastructures development couldnt handle the
  population density.
• As the Industrial Revolution started, they also
  became polluted.

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Responses to problems of city life

• The Electric Streetcar in 1880
• First Housing Regulation New York 1867
• Landmark Tenement House Act New York 1901
• Central Park Designed in 1857

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Education
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• By 1840 only 1.1 of the white population in
  Massachusetts aged 20 and older could not read
  and write.
• Percentage of children under age 20 enrolled in
  any school
• 1840 67.4
• 1860 56.8
• Percentage of children under age 20, who received
  at least some private schooling
• 1840 18.7
• 1860 8.0

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Important Events

• Common School movement 1840
• Compulsory Attendance Act 1852
• First Morrill Act 1862
• Second Morrill Act 1890

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The British Empire Vs The United
States Comparison in Social Development

• Britain
• Population increased 4 times
• 1800 30 of the population is urban
• 1900 75 of the population is urban
• Significant migrations from abroad

• US
• Population increased 12 times
• 1800 6 urban population
• 1900 40 urban population
• Significant migrations from abroad

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The British Empire Vs The United
StatesComparison in Social Development (Contd)

• Britain
• Areas of Urbanization
• English Midlands and Scottish Lowlands
• Ineffective Urbanization Planning
• Decrease in Mortality Rates

• US
• Areas of Urbanization
• New England Territory The Northern States
• Ineffective Urbanization Planning
• Mortality Rates are unchanged

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The British Empire Vs The United
StatesComparison in Social Development (Contd)

• Britain
• Religious and political barriers to Education
• Child Labor
• Revolutionary Spirit in Europe
• Forester Act - 1870

• US
• Puritanism required everybody to be able to read
  the Bible
• No Child Labor
• The basis of a good Government United Society
  is education
• Compulsory Attendance Act - 1852

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Thank you for Your Attention
Questions and Comments are Welcome