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Broadcasting: outline

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Broadcasting history (Radio) ... 1895 Guglielmo Marconi sends a radio signal more than a mile. 1919: Radio Corporation of America formed. Pooled patents ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Broadcasting: outline


1
Broadcasting outline
  • Radio and Television history
  • Broadcasting policy 1) Spectrum
  • Roots of goverment intervention
  • Alternatives and trade-offs
  • 2) Ownership concentration
  • Cable's rise

2
Broadcasting history (Radio)
  • 1881 The "musical telephone" was a major
    attraction at the International Electrical
    Exhibition in Paris. The Compagnie du
    Théatrophone, was established in Paris,
    distributing music by telephone from various
    theatres to special coin-operated telephones
    installed in hotels, cafés etc., and to domestic
    subscribers. The service continued until 1932
  • 1895 Guglielmo Marconi sends a radio signal more
    than a mile.
  • 1919 Radio Corporation of America formedPooled
    patents (Westinghouse, ATT, GE)
  • 1920 first US Commercial radio broadcastNo
    restrictions on who can broadcast
  • 1926 RCA forms NBC to encourage receiver sales
    (later forced to divest "Blue Network", which
    became ABC)
  • 1927 CBS formed
  • 1927 Radio Act Licensing

3
Broadcasting History (TV)
  • 1930s experiments with "radio with pictures"
    RCA
  • 1940 National TV System Committee (NTSC)
  • 1946 TV service starts in US 12 VHF channels
    licensed initially
  • 1950s TV overtakes radio
  • 1952 channel expansion additional 70 UHF
    channels (less desirable)
  • 1953 Color TV
  • 1980 83 of households have color TVs
  • Since 1990 98 of households have TVs, cable
    passes 90 of US homes

4
Ownership concentration rules
  • Radio station ownership limits
  • 1940s 7 AM and 7 FM stations
  • 1985 12 AM and 12 FM stations
  • 1992 18 AM and 18 FM
  • 1994 20 AM 20 FM stations
  • 1996 nationwide ownership limits for radio
    stations eliminated.
  • TV station ownership limits
  • 1940s 3 stations
  • 1953 5 stations
  • 1984 12 stations, max. reach of 25
  • 1996 any number, max. reach of 35
  • Cross-ownership rules
  • 1975 ban of newspaper-broadcast cross-ownership
  • Limits on number of broadcast station in single
    market

5
1920's radio policy debate
  • Fundamental tension press freedom vs scarce
    spectrum
  • Alternatives debated?
  • Relative merits?
  • Market for spectrum
  • Why not initially?
  • Primary vs secondary market

6
Spectrum and licenses
  • Channels artificial structure on ethereal
    resourceAM radio 10 kHz / channelFM radio 200
    kHz / channelTV 6 MHz / channel
  • Spectrum scarcity leads to government allocation
    of licenses
  • Who gets licenses? Typically powerful players-
    existing radio stations received TV licenses-
    existing TV station receive HDTV spectrum- after
    initial allocation, secondary market
  • License renewals over 10,000 in the US since
    1950s, only 50 contested, only 20 denied.
  • Alternatives- spectrum auctions (primary
    market)- unlicensed spectrum
  • Trends redefined basis for spectrum property
    rights

7
Spectrum policy trends
  • Reallocation of spectrum from Federal government
    use to non-Federal government use
  • Allocation of more spectrum for mobile as opposed
    to fixed applications
  • Use of auctions to assign spectrum to particular
    users (started 94)
  • Increased licensee flexibility in the use of
    assigned spectrum
  • Continued support for unlicensed services
  • Increased competition in the provision of all
    telecommunications services, including
    radio-based services
  • Increased reliance on voluntary standards.
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