Geographic Information System GIS Considerations

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Geographic InformationSystem (GIS)
Considerations
Jackie Howard
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So what is GIS?

• Geographic Information Systems
• computer based system to store, create, and
  manipulate geographic information
• expands upon use of traditional paper maps,
  particularly by overlaying diverse data layers
• enables you to answer geographic questions and
  possibly reveal relationships, patterns or trends
• effective communication tool for conveying
  synthesized information

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GIS Impact on Everyday Life

• GIS on the Internet
• Uses various data sets to help people find their
  travel routes and points of interest.
• GIS for E-911
• Uses geocoded street data to find locations of
  911 calls.
• GIS for retail analysis (and junk mail)
• Uses demographic and sales data helps business to
  pinpoint customers and select new retail
  locations.

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Early Application of GIS concept

• French Cartographer Louis-Alexandre Berthier drew
  maps of the Battle of Yorktown during the
  American Revolution.
• He displayed hinged overlays to show troop
  movements over time.

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Early Application of GIS concept

• Problem Cholera outbreak in London (1854).
• Dr. John Snow plotted deaths from cholera on a
  street map along with locations of water well
  pump handles.
• He spotted a pattern and the likely contaminated
  well.
• Solution The Broad Street handle was removed.

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Modern GIS Components

• Software
• Hardware
• Data
• People

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Data Models used with GIS

• Vector
• uses topological model
• Topology mathematics behind the data which
  allows spatial querying
• points, lines, and polygons represent vector
  features
• each feature can hold multiple attribute values
• best for approximating real world features

• Raster
• regular grid of rectangular or square cells
• location of each cell determined by its row and
  column number
• each cell only holds one value
• any feature can be in a raster format if the cell
  size is adjusted appropriately

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Data Where does it come from?

• Background Data
• NIMA
• CIA
• DIA
• Other Government Assets
• Commerical Sources
• Military Specific data (Troop locations,
  Infastructure)
• SITREPs
• Operational Deployment Orders
• Engineers

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Data Availability

• The ideal data set you want may not be available.
• You may have to mix and match between sources,
  formats, and types to accomplish the task.

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Spatial Analysis for Potential Threats

• Solution Using existing data sets and databases
  to create a map showing the locations of hazards
  near US Forces Locations.

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Area of Interest
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Area Hazards
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Industrial Hazards
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Point Source Hazards
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Spatial Analysis for Casuality Planning

• Solution Use case specific conditions (amount of
  chemical, meterology) to model a release. Use
  population and health care system data to
  determine the potential effects from the release.

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HCL Release from 4 Railcars in Albuquerque, NM

• 4 Hour Composite Plume
• Exposure Levels based on 1 hour exposure to
  plume

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• LD 50
• Population Exposed7,000
• AEGL-3
• Population Exposed1,000
• 2 Hospitals Affected
• AEGL-2
• Population Exposed24,000
• 2 Hospitals Affected
• AEGL-1
• Population Exposed103,000
• 7 Hospitals Affected

Population Exposed based on 1999 Residential
Population by Census Tract
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Spatial Analysis for Sample Planning

• Problem Create a sampling plan based upon
  intelligence information and physical features.
• Solution Using information sources, plot the
  areas of concern and plan your sampling strategy.
  Produce reference maps to be transported to the
  field to assist with sample collection.

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Spatial and Temporal Analysis

• Problem Conditions change over time.
• Weather, environmental, personnel, etc.
• Solution Using multiple information sources
  over time, track the changing conditions and
  their effects.

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QUESTIONS??

• USACHPPM GIS
• 410.436.7711