WATER

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WATER CLIMATE

• TOPIC 8

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WATER CYCLE
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WATER CYCLE

• recycling of Earths water supply
• aka Hydrologic Cycle
• energy comes from
• Sun
• gravity

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WATER CYCLE

• After precipitation
• Retention
• Water remains on surface
• As ice or snow
• On leaves of plants

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WATER CYCLE

• Infiltration
• Water infiltrates into upper section of
  lithosphere (crust)

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WATER CYCLE

• Runoff
• water flows over Earths surface
• collects in lakes streams
• Evapotranspiration
• water evaporates from surface
• water transpired into atmosphere by plants

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Slope of Land
• steeper slope less infiltration

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Degree of Saturation
• There are 2 zones beneath the surface of the
  Earth
• Zone of Aeration
• pores between soil particles filled with a
  mixture of air water.
• Zone of Saturation
• pores between soil particles all filled with
  water

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Degree of Saturation
• Water Table boundary between zone of aeration
  zone of saturation.
• Groundwater water below the water table.

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INFILTRATION FACTORS
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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Porosity
• amount of open space in a material compared to
  its total volume.
• Determined by
• Shape
• Packing
• Sorting

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Shape
• rounded or angular
• angular shapes fit together better

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Packing
• distance between soil particles.
• people, animals or vehicles moving across soil
  packs particles closer together.

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Sorting
• size difference of soil particles
• well sorted particles all same size
• poorly sorted particles have different sizes

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Permeability
• ability of a material to allow fluids (water)
  to pass through it.
• determined by how well the pores are connected
• a material may be porous but NOT permeable.

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Capillarity
• attractive force between water molecules
  surrounding materials.
• Capillary Action/Migration
• upward movement of water from the water table
  toward the surface.
• migration greater when particle size pore size
  are smaller.

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Vegetation
• plants slow down water flowing over Earths
  surface
• plants plant litter store water temporarily
• water has more time infiltrate into soil

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INFILTRATION FACTORS

• Land Use
• Roads, Parking lots Buildings
• not permeable
• increase runoff
• Farming, Grazing, Logging Construction
• reduce vegetation
• compress soil

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RUNOFF

• Occurs when
• Rate of precip greater than rate of infiltration.
• Pore spaces in soil already saturated.
• Slope is too steep.
• Water already present on surface.

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RUNOFF

• Stream Discharge
• volume of water flowing past a certain spot in
  a specific amount of time.
• Units m3/sec or L/min