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Exercise Physiology

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February 11th - Work, Energy and Power. Start thinking about term paper ... March 3rd Bioenergetics and Exercise Metabolism ... The Health Benefits of Yoga ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Exercise Physiology


1
Exercise Physiology
Krishna Asundi, PhD Research Fellow Harvard
School of Public Health (kasundi_at_hsph.harvard.edu)
Lab tel. 617-384-8768
2
Course Schedule
  • February 11th - Work, Energy and Power
  • Start thinking about term paper
  • February 25th Muscles, Cardiovascular and
    Respiratory Systems
  • Submit topic
  • March 3rd Bioenergetics and Exercise Metabolism
  • Submit list of references (cite the sources
    appropriately APA writing style)
  • March 10th Physiology of Training
  • Submit abstract of paper
  • March 31st Training for Performance
  • April 7th Oral Presentations
  • April 21st Oral Presentations
  • April 28th Term paper deadline

3
Grading
  • 35 of your class grade is from the section
  • Section grade
  • 10 for participation
  • 30 for the class presentation
  • 60 for the term paper

4
Guidelines to the term paper
  • Term paper and presentation
  • Paper should be rooted in primary sources
    (original references)
  • Topics must be specific and focused
  • e.g. Not something as general as exercise
    physiology but for example, will women
    marathoners catch up and eventually outperform
    men?
  • Interpretations should hinge on science
  • The paper must have a significant biological/
    biomechanics/ physiology component
  • Projects can be done in pairs

5
Guidelines to the term paper
  • 10-12 pages, double-spaced, size 12 font
    (excluding figures and references)
  • 10-15 primary references
  • Web-sources are permitted but only a very small
    portion (less that 10)
  • P.S An online reference ahead of publication for
    example is not treated as a web source

6
Guidelines to the term paper
  • Do not hesitate to seek feedback about paper
    topics, references etc Highly encouraged!
  • References sources
  • Pubmed (http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezp1.harvard.e
    du/entrez/query.fcgi?holdinghulib)
  • You can download reference articles directly
    using the above link
  • Books from Harvard libraries or elsewhere

7
Some suggested topics
  • No limit to flexibility, just check with me if in
    doubt!
  • Relationship between physical activity and
    osteoporosis
  • Rehabilitation and exercise manuals, grounded in
    science or based on opinions?
  • Historical examples of scientific studies that
    have catapulted our sporting abilities
  • Is it better to eat before or after exercise?
  • Underlying mechanics in muscle fatigue and
    exhaustion

8
Previous Papers
  • Increasing Muscle Mass Whats the best way?
  • The Health Benefits of Yoga
  • A Physiological Analysis of Gender Difference in
    Athletic Performance

9
Oral presentation
  • Excerpts from the term paper
  • 10 minute presentations
  • Details will follow

10
What is Exercise?
11
Systems involved in exercise

Musculoskeletal System Nervous
System Cardiovascular System Respiratory
System Endocrine System
12
What is Exercise Physiology
  • Exercise Physiology studies the changes in the
    human body in response to physical activity
  • How does the body maintain an adequate internal
    environment under the challenges presented by
    exercise?
  • How does the body adapt to exercise over the long
    term?

13
Principles of Exercise Physiology
  • Biological Control Mechanism
  • Mechanisms by which the body maintains the
    physical and chemical parameters of the body at
    acceptable levels
  • Sweating, increase heart rate, vasodilatation
  • Adaptation
  • Gradual changes in various systems to better
    cope with the demands of physical activity
  • Muscle hypertrophy, increased capillary density,
    greater heart stroke volume

14
Work, Energy and Power
15
Forces
  • The body exerts internal and external forces
    through the musculoskeletal system
  • A force can be simply defined as a push or pull
  • Newtons Second Law of motion says
  • Force mass x acceleration
  • F ma
  • The units for force are Newtons (N)

16
Work
  • Work is the product of force and displacement in
    the direction of the applied force
  • Work Force x Displacement
  • The units of work are Nm or joules (J)
  • 1 J 1 Nm

17
Example - Discus Throw
  • Work Force x distance
  • Force 1000 N
  • Distance 0.6 m
  • Work 1000 N x 0.6 m
  • 600 Nm
  • 600 Joules

McGinnis, P. M. (1999). Biomechanics of sport and
exercise. Human Kinetics .
18
Example Weight Lifter
  • Magnus first lowers the barbell and then raises
    the barbell
  • The average force he exerts while lowering and
    raising the barbell is 1000 N

McGinnis, P. M. (1999). Biomechanics of sport and
exercise. Human Kinetics .
How much work did Magnus do to the barbell for
this whole lift?
19
Example Weight Lifter
Lowering Barbell F 1000 N D -70 m W -700 J
Raising Barbell F 1000 N D 70 m W 700 J
McGinnis, P. M. (1999). Biomechanics of sport and
exercise. Human Kinetics .
Total W 700 -700 0 J Magnus did 0 J of work
to the barbell
20
Work
  • Work can be positive or negative
  • Positive work is done when the force and
    displacement occur in the same direction
  • Negative work is done when the force and
    displacement occur in opposite directions

21
Energy
  • Energy is the capacity to do work
  • Conservation of energy states
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
    converted
  • Thermal, chemical, kinetic, strain
  • Muscles convert chemical energy (food) into
    thermal (heat), kinetic (motion) and strain
    (stretching of tendons) energy

22
Power
  • Power is the rate of doing work
  • Power
  • The units of power are watts (W)
  • More power means more work in less time

23
Example Box Movers
  • Eli lifts 5, 100 N Boxes, from the floor to a
    shelf 1.2 meters off the ground in 60 seconds.
  • Tom lifts 8, 50 N boxes from the floor to a shelf
    2 meters off the ground in 100 seconds.
  • Who used more power?

24
Example Box Movers
  • Eli
  • Work 100 N x 1.2 m
  • 120 J / box
  • Total Work 120 J/box x 5 600 J
  • Power 600 J / 60 sec
  • 10 Watts
  • Tom
  • Work 50 N x 2 m
  • 100 J / box
  • Total Work 100 J/box x 8 800 J
  • Power 800 J / 100 sec
  • 8 Watts

25
Big Picture
  • The body generates forces to do work to different
    body segments and external objects
  • People who can do more work, faster have more
    power
  • Athletic ability is defined by skill and power

26
Review
  • Internal and external forces are generated by the
    musculoskeletal system of the body
  • Work is the product of force and displacement
  • W F x d
  • Work can be positive or negative
  • Energy is the capacity to do work
  • Power is the rate of doing work P
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