Title: Exercise Physiology
1Exercise Physiology
Krishna Asundi, PhD Research Fellow Harvard
School of Public Health (kasundi_at_hsph.harvard.edu)
Lab tel. 617-384-8768
2Course Schedule
- February 11th - Work, Energy and Power
- Start thinking about term paper
- February 25th Muscles, Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Systems - Submit topic
- March 3rd Bioenergetics and Exercise Metabolism
- Submit list of references (cite the sources
appropriately APA writing style) - March 10th Physiology of Training
- Submit abstract of paper
- March 31st Training for Performance
- April 7th Oral Presentations
- April 21st Oral Presentations
- April 28th Term paper deadline
3Grading
- 35 of your class grade is from the section
- Section grade
- 10 for participation
- 30 for the class presentation
- 60 for the term paper
4Guidelines to the term paper
- Term paper and presentation
- Paper should be rooted in primary sources
(original references) - Topics must be specific and focused
- e.g. Not something as general as exercise
physiology but for example, will women
marathoners catch up and eventually outperform
men? - Interpretations should hinge on science
- The paper must have a significant biological/
biomechanics/ physiology component - Projects can be done in pairs
5Guidelines to the term paper
- 10-12 pages, double-spaced, size 12 font
(excluding figures and references) - 10-15 primary references
- Web-sources are permitted but only a very small
portion (less that 10) - P.S An online reference ahead of publication for
example is not treated as a web source
6Guidelines to the term paper
- Do not hesitate to seek feedback about paper
topics, references etc Highly encouraged! - References sources
- Pubmed (http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezp1.harvard.e
du/entrez/query.fcgi?holdinghulib) - You can download reference articles directly
using the above link - Books from Harvard libraries or elsewhere
7Some suggested topics
- No limit to flexibility, just check with me if in
doubt!
- Relationship between physical activity and
osteoporosis - Rehabilitation and exercise manuals, grounded in
science or based on opinions? - Historical examples of scientific studies that
have catapulted our sporting abilities - Is it better to eat before or after exercise?
- Underlying mechanics in muscle fatigue and
exhaustion
8Previous Papers
- Increasing Muscle Mass Whats the best way?
- The Health Benefits of Yoga
- A Physiological Analysis of Gender Difference in
Athletic Performance
9Oral presentation
- Excerpts from the term paper
- 10 minute presentations
- Details will follow
10What is Exercise?
11Systems involved in exercise
Musculoskeletal System Nervous
System Cardiovascular System Respiratory
System Endocrine System
12What is Exercise Physiology
- Exercise Physiology studies the changes in the
human body in response to physical activity - How does the body maintain an adequate internal
environment under the challenges presented by
exercise? - How does the body adapt to exercise over the long
term?
13Principles of Exercise Physiology
- Biological Control Mechanism
- Mechanisms by which the body maintains the
physical and chemical parameters of the body at
acceptable levels - Sweating, increase heart rate, vasodilatation
- Adaptation
- Gradual changes in various systems to better
cope with the demands of physical activity - Muscle hypertrophy, increased capillary density,
greater heart stroke volume
14Work, Energy and Power
15Forces
- The body exerts internal and external forces
through the musculoskeletal system - A force can be simply defined as a push or pull
- Newtons Second Law of motion says
- Force mass x acceleration
- F ma
- The units for force are Newtons (N)
16Work
- Work is the product of force and displacement in
the direction of the applied force - Work Force x Displacement
- The units of work are Nm or joules (J)
- 1 J 1 Nm
17Example - Discus Throw
- Work Force x distance
- Force 1000 N
-
- Distance 0.6 m
- Work 1000 N x 0.6 m
- 600 Nm
- 600 Joules
McGinnis, P. M. (1999). Biomechanics of sport and
exercise. Human Kinetics .
18Example Weight Lifter
- Magnus first lowers the barbell and then raises
the barbell - The average force he exerts while lowering and
raising the barbell is 1000 N
McGinnis, P. M. (1999). Biomechanics of sport and
exercise. Human Kinetics .
How much work did Magnus do to the barbell for
this whole lift?
19Example Weight Lifter
Lowering Barbell F 1000 N D -70 m W -700 J
Raising Barbell F 1000 N D 70 m W 700 J
McGinnis, P. M. (1999). Biomechanics of sport and
exercise. Human Kinetics .
Total W 700 -700 0 J Magnus did 0 J of work
to the barbell
20Work
- Work can be positive or negative
- Positive work is done when the force and
displacement occur in the same direction - Negative work is done when the force and
displacement occur in opposite directions
21Energy
- Energy is the capacity to do work
- Conservation of energy states
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
converted - Thermal, chemical, kinetic, strain
- Muscles convert chemical energy (food) into
thermal (heat), kinetic (motion) and strain
(stretching of tendons) energy
22Power
- Power is the rate of doing work
- Power
- The units of power are watts (W)
- More power means more work in less time
23Example Box Movers
- Eli lifts 5, 100 N Boxes, from the floor to a
shelf 1.2 meters off the ground in 60 seconds. - Tom lifts 8, 50 N boxes from the floor to a shelf
2 meters off the ground in 100 seconds. - Who used more power?
24Example Box Movers
- Eli
- Work 100 N x 1.2 m
- 120 J / box
- Total Work 120 J/box x 5 600 J
- Power 600 J / 60 sec
- 10 Watts
- Tom
- Work 50 N x 2 m
- 100 J / box
- Total Work 100 J/box x 8 800 J
- Power 800 J / 100 sec
- 8 Watts
25Big Picture
- The body generates forces to do work to different
body segments and external objects - People who can do more work, faster have more
power - Athletic ability is defined by skill and power
26Review
- Internal and external forces are generated by the
musculoskeletal system of the body - Work is the product of force and displacement
- W F x d
- Work can be positive or negative
- Energy is the capacity to do work
- Power is the rate of doing work P