Anatomy and Physiology of Sex

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Anatomy and Physiology of Sex

• Ms. Markowski

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Male Anatomy
Foreskin, if uncircumsized
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Male Anatomy
Urinary Bladder
Vas Deferens
Seminal vesicle
Urethra
Prostate Gland
Penis
Bulbourethral or Cowpers gland
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
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Male Physiology by Part

• Foreskin outer skin of penis, only present in
  men that are NOT circumcised
• Circumcision surgical removal of foreskin,
  usually done in infancy
• Penis external male reproductive organ, filled
  with spongy tissue and blood vessels, also an
  erogenous zone

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Male Physiology by Part

• Testicles produce testosterone androgens,
  contains hundreds of seminiferous tubules
• Seminiferous Tubules hundreds of tiny coiled
  tubes in testicles that produce sperm (called
  spermatogenesis)
• Sperm are born here!
• Scrotum external sac that holds the testicles
  protects sperm by allowing them to develop at 1-3
  degrees lower than body temperature
• Behaviors that prevent scrotum from adjusting
  properly?

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Male Physiology by Part

• Epididymis
• where sperm are stored after spermatogenesis to
  fully mature store until next ejaculation
• sperm lounge
• Vas Deferens
• tubes that connect epididymis to the urethra, so
  sperm can travel out of the body.
• 14-16 inches long
• highway

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Male Physiology by Part

• Urethra passageway through which urine and semen
  are released
• Never at the same time!!!
• Meets up with vas deferens at the prostate train
  tracks
• Sperm male gamete, 23 chromosomes (DNA)
• How long can sperm live??
• In male 2-3 weeks
• In female 0-7 days
• Travel 5-9 cm/hour
• Semen made out of 2 things sperm ____________
  fluid
• 3 parts of the male reproductive system that add
  fluid to sperm to make semen
• a. Seminal Vesicle b. Prostate c.
  Cowpers gland

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Glands that add fluid to sperm

• Seminal vesicle contributes 70 of seminal
  fluid to sperm, producing a base to counteract
  the acidity of the vagina.
• Also release fructose amino acids to nourish
  the sperm. (sticky)
• Prostate gland 25 of seminal fluid, also
  neutralizes acidity of vagina with its
  milky-white fluid,
• Also produces hormone prostaglandins that
  triggers uterine contractions in females Why??
  turbo boosters
• To help sperm swim faster to fallopian tubes to
  find the egg
• train tracks here, connecting urethra and vas
  deferens
• Cowpers gland 5 of seminal fluid, known as
  pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates urethra,
  cleaning urine and left-over sperm from previous
  ejaculation
• Therefore, the WITHDRAWL method of birth control
  is a POOR choice.

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Erections and Ejaculation

• Erection
• penis fills with blood, becomes hard and prepares
  for ejaculation
• arteries dilate compress so blood cant get out
• Erection must happen 1st before ejaculation can
  occur
• Having an erection does NOT mean you need to
  ejaculate!
• Ejaculation
• sperm are moved from epididymis into vas
  deferens then urethra by through SMOOTH muscle
  contractions

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How many sperm??????

• How many sperm are in one ejaculate?
• 300 million to 700 million (about ½ a BILLION)
  sperm
• 2-6 mL of fluid with each ejaculation
• Semen is released with velocity and does not
  just trickle out
• Life of a Sperm

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Male Sterility

• The inability to produce healthy sperm and/or
  maintain an erection to orgasm
• Some behaviors lead to unhealthy sperm
• Some behaviors lead to the inability to maintain
  an erection to the point of ejaculation (orgasm)
• E.D. Erectile Dysfunction
• Inability to maintain erection to ejaculation

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Ways to keep the Male Reproductive System Healthy
HOW they work

• Avoid Prolonged Use of Drugs (Marijuana, Alcohol
  steroids)
• These reduce sperm count the ability to
  maintain an erection to ejaculation
• Get Tested for STDs every time you change
  partners!
• Undiagnosed untreated STDs can reduce sperm
  count, quality and sometimes lead to Erectile
  dysfunction
• Allow temperature regulation of scrotum avoid
  long-term use of compression shorts, saunas and
  hot tubs which reduce sperm count
• Reduce Sugar Fat Intake these interfere with
  blood pressure and flow which can lead to
  erectile dysfunction
• Practice healthy stress-management to maintain
  healthy erections and ejaculation
• Get Yearly Physical Exams to diagnose hormonal
  issues and variocoele and provide treatment for
  both

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Other Male Reproductive concerns

• Nocturnal emissions
• Orgasm with ejaculation during sleep (normal)
• Hernia
• Part of large instestine pushes through torn
  abdominal wall into scrotum (be careful when
  lifting!)
• Testicular cancer
• slight enlargement or lump in one testicle or
  dull ache in abdomen, most common ages 15-34
• Prostate Cancer
• Frequent, painful or difficult urination, sexual
  problems, 2nd most common cancer in males

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Female Anatomy
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Female Anatomy
Ovary
Fallopian tube
Cervix
Clitoris
Uterus
Urethra
Labia majora
Vagina
Labia minora
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• Ovary release eggs and estrogen
• Secretes one egg every month.
• Egg/Ova Female gamete, 23 chromosomes (DNA)
• Girls are born with all their eggs (400,000),
  called follicles of which only about 400 will
  ever mature and be released as eggs

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• Fallopian Tubes
• Tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus
• Site of fertilization for egg sperm
• Fallopian Tube and Ovary do NOT touch, they are
  connected by fembria
• Fembria finger-like projections that sweep the
  egg into the fallopian tubes
• Video

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• Ectopic Pregnancy Pregnancy that occurs and
  implants in the fallopian tubes. Will result in
  zygote death and possible death of mother.?

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• Uterus
• Pear-shaped muscular organ that houses the fetus
  where it will grow and develop.
• Endometrium
• Inner lining of the uterus
• Nutrient-rich, mucous like tissue
• Sheds with menstruation if no pregnancy
  (fertilization)
• If fertilization, zygote implants during
  pregnancy and will become placenta
• bed for the baby

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• LEFT Placenta in utero (attached to amniotic sac
  and uterus on bottom left)
• RIGHT Placenta or after birth where the other
  end of the umbilical cord is attached

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• Cervix
• Narrow T-shaped opening to the uterus.
• Allows for a single file of sperm
• Dilates to 10cm during labor to allow passage of
  fetus.

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• Vagina 3-5 inches long 3 main functions
• Menstrual fluid vaginal fluid come out
• Site of intercourse semen delivery
• Birth canal (fetus is delivered out of the body)
• Urethra
• Exit tube for urine only, located above vagina

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• Labia Minora and Majora
• Folds of skin that run on the outside of the
  vagina, cover the urethral and vaginal openings.
• Clitoris
• Female sex organ sensitive to stimulationno
  reproductive purpose

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The Menstrual Cycle

• The cycle of physiological changes that occur in
  fertile women (thus, a woman is always going
  through her cycle)
• Phase 1 Menstruation (Days 1-5) Lining of the
  endometrium sheds, commonly called period
• Phase 2 Follicular (Days 6-13) Follicle
  stimulating hormone causes about 20 immature eggs
  (follicles) to begin maturing in the ovaries.
• Phase 3 Ovulation (Days 10-18) Luteinizing
  hormone causes ONE mature egg to burst out of the
  ovary
• Phase 4 Luteal (Days 15-28) Endometrial lining
  continues to thicken in preparation for a
  fertilized egg while egg floats through
  fallopian tube

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Menstruation

• A womans cycle can range from 21-35 days,
  average of 28 days!
• But, MANY things can change how regular or
  irregular a womans cycle is, such as
• Stress
• Exercise
• under-eating or over-eating (body fat )
• Illness
• Jet lag
• Drug use (Rx and Illegal drugs like marijuana and
  alcohol)
• Living near or with other women!
• Etc..

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Ovulation

• When one egg is selected from one of the ovaries,
  to be released
• Only occurs once per menstrual cycle (every 21-35
  days)
• Ovulation is triggered by hormone levels
• Compare ovulation to ejaculation

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Picture of Menstrual Cycle
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How much fluid do you think is lost during
Menstruation?
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Maintaining Female Reproductive System Health
How it works to keep it healthy

1. Get yearly gynecological exams once you start
   having intercourse or by age 18 to maintain
   health of cervix uterus and check regulation of
   menstruation and ovulation
2. Get yourself tested for STDs whenever exposed to
   a new persons bodily fluids to maintain health
   of uterus and cervix to prevent fertility
   problems
3. Avoid marijuana, alcohol and other illegal drugs
   to keep menstrual cycle regular periods lighter
   less painful!
4. Maintain healthy nutrition body fat to keep
   ovulation and menstruation regular and healthy
5. Practice healthy stress management
   relationships behaviors to avoid disruptions in
   the menstrual cycle

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Female Reproductive Concerns

• Polycystic ovarian syndrome
• Cysts in ovaries caused by hormone imbalance (too
  many androgens), painful, infrequent, absent or
  irregular periods, body hair growth, acne,
  infertility, are most common signs. Treatable.
• Endometriosis
• When pieces of the endometruim grow in places
  outside the uterus and are not shed, leading to
  scar tissue and possibly infertility and pain
• Cervical Cancer
• Most likely cause is HPV (genital warts), no
  early symptoms, difficult to treat, but vaccine
  called ______?
• Breast cancer
• Most common cancer in females, changes in breast
  or nipple appearance, lumps or swelling under the
  armpit, treatable if detected early

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Fertilization and Development

• The process of a sperm joining with an egg in the
  fallopian tube, to create a zygote
• Fertilized egg begins to undergo millions of cell
  divisions (called mitosis)
• Travels to and implants itself in the endometrium
  of the uterus

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Fertilization and Implantation
Day 2
Day 3
Day 1
Day 4
Fertilization
Day 0
Day 7
Implantation of blastocyst
Egg released by ovary
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Development of Embryo/Fetus

• Three main Trimesters (12 weeks each)
• After about 40 weeks, the fertilized egg grows
  from
• Zygote ? morula ? blastocyst ? embryo ? fetus ?
  infant
• Lets talk about pregnancy

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STOP and THINK!

• But what if we have sex while she is having her
  period?
• It is still possible for a woman to get pregnant
  even if she is menstruating.
• The younger the woman, the more likely her cycle
  is going to be irregular as her body adjusts to
  changes in hormone levels.
• Menstruation and Ovulation sometimes overlap or
  are just days (not always weeks) apart. Think
  about how long can sperm live inside a womans
  body!

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STOP and THINK!

• Can a woman get pregnant by having oral sex
  because sperm (ejaculate) enter her digestive
  system?
• No, if sperm (ejaculate) have ONLY entered the
  mouth, there is no connection between the
  digestive system and the reproductive system.
• However, if ejaculate is deposited near the
  vagina, it is possible for a sperm to swim up to
  an available egg.
• BE CAREFUL!

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Resources

• Miller, K. Levine, J. (2005). Prentice Hall
  Biology CD ROM. Pearson Education, Inc.
• Bold, M., Jennings, G., Brock, L. (2005). FS
  5023 Family Sexuality CD ROM. Department of
  Family Sciences, Texas Womans University.