Graduation Test Review

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Graduation Test Review

• Beginning to 1865

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1. Centuries

• In which century did the year 1607 occur?
• A. The 15th century
• B. The 16th century
• C. The 17th century
• D. The 18th century
• (Hint Add 1 to year to get century)
• But the 1700s occurred in what century?

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2.

• The economy of the colonies of New England in the
  early 1700s was mainly dependent upon
• A. Coal mining
• B. Maritime (sea) trade
• C. Tobacco exporting
• D. Rice farming

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3. Primary vs. Secondary Sources

• Primary Source first person
• Thomas Jefferson writes an autobiography.
• Secondary Source account written by someone who
  did not observe events, or from primary sources
  I read Jeffersons autobiography and write about
  it.

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4. Locate the 13 Colonies and Trace Territorial
Expansion

• 13 Original Colonies Atlantic Coast, not
  Florida
• 13 Colonies After FI War, to Mississippi but
  Proclamation of 1763
• United States (1783) From Atlantic to
  Mississippi
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)--doubled size
  Mississippi to Rockies
• Florida (1819)-- Florida from Spanish
  (Adams-Onis)
• Texas Annexation (1845)
• Mexican Cession (1848)--From Mexican War
  Louisiana Purchase to Pacific Ocean (Southwest)
• Oregon Country (1846)-- Settled dispute with
  British Today, Oregon and Washington
• Gasden Purchase 1853
• Alaska-- purchased 1867Sewards Folly
• Hawaiiannexed, 1870s.

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5. Key Historical Documents

• Mayflower Compact Pilgrims Establish
  self-government in colonies
• Declaration of Independence Declares
  independence from Britain relies on Lockes
  ideas of natural rights, social contract.
  Purpose is to justify rebellion, increase
  colonial support, and enlist foreign allies.
• The Constitution (1789) Preamble (popular
  sovereignty)
• The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
  Thomas Jefferson wrote, separating religion and
  government began movement toward freedom of
  religion.
• The Bill of Rights 1st ten amendments
• Washingtons Farewell Address, 1797 avoid
  foreign alliances avoid sectionalism and
  political parties.
• The Gettysburg Address War of Union and freedom
• Wilsons Fourteen Points (WWI) principles for
  international justice freedom of seas, freedom
  of trade, self-determination
• Martin Luther King, Jr.s Letter from a
  Birmingham Jail leader gave reasons blacks
  couldnt wait for civil rights and needed to
  protest.
• Political cartoons--TR (cowboy hat), Nixon (peace
  sign)

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• Which document explains the reasons for the
  colonies act of separation from England?
• A. Mayflower Compact
• B. Articles of Confederation
• C. Declaration of Independence
• D. Constitution of the United States

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6. First Discoverers Paleo-Americans

• Reach North America by crossing the Bering Strait
  between Asia and Alaska as early as 30,000 B.C.
• Over thousands of years, they populated all of
  North, Central and South America.
• Culture differentiation
• Climate, geography

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7. Advanced Societies

• Agriculture occurs first in Mesoamerica
• MayasMexicowriting, engineering, cities
• AztecsMexico5 million empire
• IncaPeru12 million empire

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8. Columbian Exchange

• The exchange of goods, people, plants, and ideas
  between Africa, Asia and the Americas in the 15th
  and 16th centuries
• Native Americans European diseases, horses,
  gunsdisease killed more Indians than warfare
• Europeans tobacco, gold, slaves, potatoes,
  squash, corn,
• Africans slavery

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9. Spanish Colonization

• Spanish 1400s-1500s---colonize
• ConquistadoresGold, glory, and God
• Cortes defeats Montezuma of Aztec
• Pizarro defeats Atuhalpa of Inca
• Encomederoenslave Indians
• Mission systemconvert Indians in Southwest
• St. Augustine 1565, Santa Fe, NM 1609

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10. French Colonization

• French Fur trade
• Quebec, Canada
• along Mississippi River
• Louisiana

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11. English Colonization

• Along Atlantic coast
• English at first gold, glory and God later
  agriculture, political and religious freedom
• Roanoke, 1585, failed.
• Jamestown, 1607, gold, then tobacco.
• Plymouth, 1620, Pilgrim Separatists, religion
• Massachusetts Bay, 1620, Puritans, religion city
  upon a hill

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12. The Southern Colonies

• Virginia (1607, Jamestown)
• Maryland, 1634, haven for Catholics
• Carolinas, 1664, later separated
• S.C.plantation, slavery
• N.C.yeomen farmers
• Georgia, 1732haven for debtors, buffer from
  Spanish slavery allowed in 1752.
• Plantation economy (commercial agriculture based
  on enslaved labor)
• Cash crops Tobacco (Md, Va, NC) Rice, indigo
  (SC)

• E.Q. How did the Southern colonies develop?

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13. Southern Society

• Gentry controlled government
• Yeomen (backcountry farmers) Largest group
• Indentured Servantsharsh terms
• Religion Mostly Anglican, Presbyterian
• Unhealthy climateshorter life span
• House of Burgesses, 1619

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14. Bacons Rebellion Slavery

• 1676 Bacon leads backcountry farmers to fight
  Indians and would have taken over Virginia but
  died.
• Lesson There must always be cheap land in the
  backcountry colonies will have to fight Indians.
• Switch to slavery slaves will not revolt or
  require land.
• 10 million Africans over 3 centuries
• Most go to West Indies
• Middle Passagehorrible!
• By 1750 Blacks 50 of population in South

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15. New England

• New England
• Massachusetts, 1620--Separatists
• Rhode Island, 1636Exiled from Mass.
• Connecticut, 1638Left Mass.
• New Hampshire, 1691
• Crops small farming, fishing, whaling, shipping
• Religion Puritan/Congregational
• Halfway Covenant
• Salem Witch Trials1692-93class conflict
• Life Span added 10 years to life over
  England(70s)
• Democratic town meetings, legislature
• Education importantneed to read Bible

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16. Middle colonies

• NY, NJ, Pa, Delaware
• Fertile landfood surplus
• CASH CROPS Wheat trade easy due to deep rivers
• Flood of immigrants in 1700sPennsylvania Dutch
  (Germans)
• More ethically and religiously diverse

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17. The Great Awakening

• Revival of religious beliefs and emotion
• 1730s and 1740s
• Jonathan Edwards
• Sinners in the hands of an Angry Godhell is
  paved with the skulls of unbaptized children

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1754-1763
18. French and Indian War

• British and French fight over Ohio River
  Valleybecomes Seven Years Warworldwide
• Albany Plan of Union, 1754-- Benjamin Franklin
  proposes that colonies join together for joint
  defense 1st attempt at colonial unity.
• Battle of QuebecBritish capture French capitol
  France surrenders.
• Treaty of Paris of 1763 British win, pushing
  France out of North America. Britain controls
  from Atlantic to Mississippi, including Florida
  and Canada. Spain controls west of Mississippi
  River
• Leads to American Revolution.

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• North America 1763

After Treaty of Paris of 1763
1750
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19. Causes of American Revolution

• Change land policy--Proclamation of 1763
  following Pontiacs Revolt, Britain bans
  settlement west of Appalachians to
  colonists--colonists angry!
• Change in taxation policy Due to war debt,
  Britain will use revenue taxes to raise money
• Navigation Acts had not been enforcedsalutary
  neglect

• Violations of colonists rights of as Englishmen
• Taxation without representation
• Trial by jury of peersadmiralty courts
• Unreasonable search and seizurewrits of
  assistance

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20. Stamp Act, 1765

• First direct tax on citizens
• United opposition
• Stamp Act Congress
• Sons of Libertypamphlets, protests, intimidation
• Boycott (most successful)
• Tarring and Feathering Stamp Tax agents
• Declaratory Act 1766repeals stamp tax but
  declares that Parliament has the right to tax
  colonists directly
• virtual representationeach member of Parliament
  represents all

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21. Road to American Revolution

• 1767-Townshend Actsimport taxes on tea, glass,
  paint boycotts successful
• 1770Boston Massacre
• 1773Tea Act Boston Tea Party
• 1774---Intolerable (Coercive) Acts close port,
  try officials in England, Quartering Act, no
  assembly in Quebec
• 1774First Continental Congress

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Colonial Resistance
Boycotts Colonists refused to trade or buy
British goods until Stamp Act was
repealed. Protests Led by the Sons of Liberty
up and down the colonies from 1765 to
1766. Committees of Correspondence Colonies
kept in contact with one another and described
British actions through letters exchanged by
carriers on horseback.
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22. The War Begins, 1775

• Battles of Lexington Concord Boston Battle
  of Bunker Hill (war starts)
• Bunker HillPatriots technically lose due to lack
  of ammunition but great morale victory
• Second Continental Congress GW heads army

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23. Declaration of Independence

• Thomas Paines Common Sensechanges views about
  independence
• convinces colonists that King George is a tyrant
• Colonial delegates vote for independence
• Declaration of Independence Signed on July 4,
  1776 written mostly by Thomas Jefferson
  (inspired by John Locke)
• All men are created equal
• Natural rights
• Social contract
• Reasons justify rebellion enlist foreign
  allies increase colonial support

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24.Tories and Patriots

• Patriots/Whigs
• Wanted independence
• Strong in New England and Virginia
• About 1/3 (1/3 neutral)

• Loyalists/Tories
• Loyal to King
• Strong in Georgia, Carolinas and New York
• Not as well organized
• About 1/3

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25.
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26. Important Battles

• Washington knew he couldnt defeat British head
  onsurvival until British grew tired.
• Battle of Trenton, 1776 First victory! Crosses
  Delaware at night to attack Hessians on
  Christmasboosts colonial morale!
• Battle of Saratoga, 1777 turning point of
  warFrench will provide men and support for war.
• Battle of Yorktown, 1781 British surrender

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27. Treaty of Paris of 1783

• Britain recognizes independence
• U.S. territory from Atlantic to Mississippi
• Canada to British
• Florida to Spain
• Spain controls west of Miss. River

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28. Articles of Confederation Fail!

• 1781-1789Critical period1st government
• Weaknessesno executive or judicial branch no
  power to tax, no power to regulate interstate
  commerce, or establish single national currency
• Strengths
• Land Sales Act --organizes new territory for sale
• Northwest Ordinance --how state becomes a
  territory
• Shays Rebellion --showed weaknessescalls for
  new stronger government

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29. Constitutional Convention 1787

• George Washington heads-- James Madison,
  Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
• Va. Planlarge state plan (population)
• vs.
• NJ Plansmall state plan (equal per state)
• Great (Connecticut) Compromisebicameral
  legislature, one based on population (HR) and one
  equal (Senate)
• Compromise on Slave Tradewould continue for 20
  years
• 3/5 Compromise 3/5 of slaves would be counted
  for representation and taxes
• Commerce Compromise no tax on exports

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Constitutional Ideas

• Separation of Powers (Adams, Montesquieu)3
  branches
• LegislativeCongressmakes laws
• ExecutivePresidentcarries out laws
• JudicialSupreme Courtinterprets law
• Checks and Balances
• Federalism division of power between state and
  national
• Delegated (federal)interstate commerce
• Reserved (states)--education
• Concurrent (both)--courts

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30. Example Historical documents

• We the people of the United States, in order to
  form a more perfect union, establish justice,
  insure domestic tranquility, provide for the
  common defense, promote the general welfare, and
  secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and
  our posterity, do ordain and establish this
  constitution for the United States of America.
• Question The Preamble of the Constitution
  expresses the authors belief that
• A. Citizens are the source of political power
• B. Local and national governments should share
  power
• C. Legislative and executive powers should be
  separate
• D. Government power should be very limited.
• THE ANSWER IS . . . . .

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31. New government begins

• 1789George Washington 1st president
• Bill of Rights, 1791added 1st 10 amendments in
  order for states to ratify the constitution.
• Judiciary Act of 1789created a federal
  judiciary.
• Cabinet Washingtons advisors
• Secretary of State-foreign affairs-Thomas
  Jefferson
• Secretary of TreasuryAlexander Hamilton
• 1st Chief JusticeJohn Jay
• Whiskey RebellionWashington used the militia to
  put down rebellionConstitution is strong enough
• Political parties develop
• Jeffersonian Republicanswant small government
• Hamilton Federalistswant large government

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32. New Republic

• Alien and Sedition ActsFederalists attempt to
  use power of government to stop opposition
  repealed.
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Marbury v. Madison, 1803Midnight judges
  casePower of Judicial Review--Supreme Court will
  decide whether a law is constitutional.

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33. Nationalism

• 1803 Jefferson president, buys from France,
  doubled size of the U.S. Lewis and Clark
  explored! Sacajawea
• War of 1812 (1812-1814) British and Americans
  Freedom of the seas Pride and nationalism
  emerge!
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out
  of the Americas.
• American System- Henry Clay use protective
  tariff, national bank, and transportation to grow
  U.S.

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34. Growth

• Waves of immigration from Europe
• Irish, Germans
• Railroads, canals (mostly in North) built to ship
  supplies
• Eli Whitney Cotton gin makes cotton King in
  the South, need for slaves increases

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35. Reform Movements

• Temperance Movement against alcohol
• Education Horace Mann
• Womens Rights Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth Cady
  Stanton
• Abolitionists Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd
  Garrison (The Liberator), Harriet Tubman
  (Underground RR)
• Also-- Mental Health Dorothea Dix out of
  prisons

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36. Political Parties

• Era of Good FeelingFederalist Party dies
  Democratic-Republicans are only political party
  from 1814-1828.
• Democratic Party forms, 1828--Andrew Jackson
  breaks off from Republicans.
• 1832Whig Party forms in opposition
  (nationalists)
• Jackson spoils system
• 1854Republican party forms from antislavery
  groups, Free Soil Party, and Whig Party

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37. Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny Destiny of U.S. to spread
  their ideals across the continent.
• American Texans rebel against Mexicobrutal
  treatment on both sides--Remember the Alamo! Not
  part of U.S. immediately.
• Mexican War (1846-1848) Issues of Texas and
  Mexican territory. Easily defeated gained
  southwest territory (Mexican Cession).
• Gold Rush 1848 49ers headed to California to
  look for gold! Homestead Act gave land!

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38-39. Sectionalism

• States Rightstheory that states had the right
  to decide slavery and whether they wanted to be
  part of the U.S.
• Missouri Compromise 1820 Free slave states
  36 30 Maine as free state Missouri as slave
  state
• Tariff of AbominationsSouth Carolina threatens
  to secede over 1828 high tariff compromise
  tariff reached in 1832.
• Compromise of 1850California as free state
  Fugitive Slave Law.
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854Popular
  sovereigntyattempt to solve slavery issue by
  allowing residents to decide. Failureled to
  Bleeding Kansas civil war.

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40. Road to Civil War

• Uncle Toms Cabinbook builds antislavery feeling
  in North banned in South
• Dred Scott decision, 1857 Supreme Court held
  that slavery could not be abolished anywhere.
  Angers north!
• Bleeding Kansascivil war in Kansas over slavery
  issue.
• John Browns Raid on Harper Ferryfears of slave
  uprising
• Most immediate cause--Lincolns Election, 1860SC
  and eventually 10 other states secede from Union.
  

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41. Civil War, 1861-65

• First shots Fort Sumter, April 1861
• First big Northern victory Antietam Lincoln
  issues Emancipation Proclamationfrees slaves in
  rebelling states only.
• Gettysburg Northern most battle
• South surrenders (Lee) to North (Grant) at
  Appomattox Court House, Virginia in April 1865
• Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.

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Effects of Civil War

• More died than all other U.S. wars
  combined600,000
• 13th Amendment abolished slavery
• South in ruins

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Quick Review

• 1. Paleo-Indians crossed this land bridge to
  become the first settlers of the Americas.
• 2. The name of the first English settlement in
  North America.
• 3. This English law caused the first organized
  protest by Americans against British rule.
• 4. Thomas Jefferson based the Declaration of
  Independence on the ideas of this Enlightenment
  philosopher (British).
• 5. The battle that was the turning point in the
  American Revolution, convincing the French to
  support the patriots.
• 6. Describe two problems with the Articles of
  Confederation.
• 7. The year that the Constitution was ratified.
• 8. Jeffersons act that doubled the size of the
  United States in 1803.
• 9. How did the Missouri Compromise attempt to
  resolve the issue over expanding
• slavery?
• 12. The doctrine that Southerners used to secede
  from the Union.
• 13. The northernmost battle of the Civil War.
• 14. The term for the belief that the U.S. should
  expand across the continent.

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• 6. Which best explains the appearance of
  political parties in the United States shortly
  after the adoption of the Constitution?
• A. Washington disliked Jefferson.
• B. The Constitution required the development of a
  multi-party system.
• C. Great Britain had a two-party system.
• D. Differences arose over economic and political
  issues.