Interwar Years Part II

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Interwar Years Part II
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The United States in the 1920s and 1930s

• Republican administrations
• Warren G. Harding won 1920 election
• Return to normalcy
• Calvin College
• Friend of business
• Herbert Hoover wins in 1928
• Individualism and free enterprise

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Social Changes in the 1920s

• The decade of the 1920s was one of prosperity and
  optimism for some Americans, doubt and despair
  for some Americans, and frivolity and loosening
  of morals for others.
• Known as the Roaring Twenties the Jazz Age
  a revolution in manners and morals

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Social Changesin the 1920s

• Economic
• Corporations
• Factories
• Double their output in the 1920s Electricity
• By the late 1920s, Americans achieve highest
  standard of living in the world
• City
• City culture and Prohibition (1920)
• Automobile
• Entertainment (Radio and Movies)
• Advertising

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The Great Depression

• Beginning of the Great Depression
• October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday)
• Stock market crashed
• Symptom of larger problem did not cause
  depression
• Franklin Roosevelt (1932) and the New Deal
  changes governments role.
• Depression would end with the outbreak of war in
  Europe rise in military spending.

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Mexico1920s and 1930s

• The Mexican Revolution
• By 1910, Mexico had been dominated by Porfirio
  Diaz for 35 years.
• Peasant revolution erupted fueled by the unequal
  distribution of land and by disgruntled workers.
• In 1910, Francisco Madero, along with Pancho
  Villa and Emiliano Zapata, began a revolt that
  would force Diaz to flee.
• Madero and Zapata would be assassinated and a
  brutal 10 year struggle for control led to 1
  million Mexican deaths. (10 of the population)

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Mexico1920s and 1930s

• By 1920, the revolution had ended and the new
  leaders worked to restore political stability
  while gradually pushing for democratic reform.
• The greatest leader of this period was President
  Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-40).
• The government began to recast the national image
  away from the Latin history of Mexico and toward
  its Amerindian heritage (Aztecs and Mayans).

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China

• Unlike India and Africa, China was never formally
  colonized.
• But its sovereignty was compromised by
  concession areas established by various foreign
  powers on Chinese soil.
• Foreign nationals were immune from Chinese laws.
• Revolution of 1911 put an end to the Manchu
  (Qing) dynasty.
• Symbolized the first step toward transforming a
  large and crumbling agrarian empire into a modern
  nation.

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Sun Yat-sen(1866-1925)

• Sun Yat-sen leads the establishment of the
  Republic of China in 1912.
• Organizes a political party the Guomindang.
• Despite high hopes for the new government, the
  new republic could not establish its legitimacy.
• Chaos ensued and an effective central government
  in China was replaced by local military leaders
  warlords who fought with one another for
  control.

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The May Fourth Movement(May 4, 1919)

• Students protested the Treaty of Versailles
• Awarded Germanys old concession rights in the
  Shandong peninsula to Japan.
• Led to a wide-ranging outburst of social and
  intellectual protest.
• A reexamination of old traditions and systems.
• Sun Yat-sen and the Guomindang regain control of
  government.
• Under the banner of anti-imperialism, the newly
  reorganized party sponsored mass organizations of
  worker unions, peasant leagues, and womens
  associations.

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Chiang Kai-shek

• Upon his death in 1925, he was replaced with his
  protégé, Chiang Kai-shek who brought about a
  partial unification of China.
• The Nationalist government (KMT) would rule China
  from 1928-1937.
• Built factories, schools, universities, improved
  roads and railroads, new European based legal
  codes, equality to women, and recognition from
  Europe.
• Was successful in realizing Chinese nationalism
  by recovering many rights lost to Western
  imperialist.

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China and Japan

• After 1931, its very existence would be
  threatened by Japan.
• Japanese assaults against China led to civil war.
  
• The communist party would reemerge under the
  leadership of Mao Tse-tung.
• Driven from the cities, the Communists
  concentrated on organizing the lives of peasants
  in the countryside.

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Communists

• In 1931, they proclaimed the establishment of the
  Chinese Soviet Republic with Mao Tse-tung as
  chairman of the Communist Party of China (CCP).
• While conducting guerilla warfare in these
  regions, the soldiers carried out an agrarian
  revolution that was based on Maos goal to
  isolate the cities by gaining control over the
  countryside and the food supply.

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Chiang Seeks to Eliminate Communists

• With arms and military advisors from Nazi
  Germany, Chiang carried out a series of
  extermination campaigns that killed about 1
  million between 1930 and 1934.
• The Communists barely survived by making the Long
  March in 1934.
• 100,000 men and women traveled 6,000 miles to
  escape to the northwest.

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Unopposed Japanese Aggression

• In the meantime, the Japanese had made steady
  inroads into China.
• Japanese seized Manchuria and Inner Mongolia with
  no resistance from the Nationalists.
• Chiang launched another extermination campaign in
  1936.
• His troops mutinied and arrested him in December
  1936.
• He was released after he agreed to form a united
  front with the CCP against the Japanese.
• The united front lasted until 1941 when the two
  parties began to engage in armed conflict with
  each other.

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Japan

• By the end of WWI, Japan was recognized as a
  Great Power.
• WWI had boosted Japans industries and economy.
• It was certainly the dominant power in Asia.
• Participated in Versailles.
• A decade of international cooperation for Japan.
• Japan participates in a series of treaties
  limiting warships.
• Moves away from militarists and toward party
  government.
• In the 1920s, Japan continues industrializing and
  promoting democratic reforms such as universal
  manhood suffrage and greater political freedom.

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Economy Turns Downward

• Unfortunately, it slips into a depression in 1927
  that brings the government under the control of
  military leaders signaling the triumph of
  militarism.
• In order to stimulate the economy, there were
  increases in military expenditures.
• China seen as a place of unlimited resources.
• Irony The economic depression in Japan began to
  improve at the same time as the expansionist
  policies were implemented.
• Impression Imperialism was ending the
  depression.

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The Ascendancy of Militarism in Japan
Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989)

• 1930s becomes a decade of fear.
• Right-wing patriotism, weakening democratic
  forces, domestic violence, and military
  aggression abroad.
• These leaders will pursue an imperialist course,
  leading to a war with China.
• The Manchurian Incident (1931)
• 3 month undeclared war against China
• Japan withdraws from the League of Nations (1933)