Interwar Years: Part 3

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Interwar YearsPart 3
Reza Shah inspects newly acquire ships from
Italy. In the background is the Iranian gunboat
"Babr," Leopard sunk by the British during World
War II
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Imagining anIndian Nation

• World War I and its aftermath led to full-blown
  challenges to British rule.
• During the 1920s and 1930s, the nationalists, led
  by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869-1948),
  transformed the Indian National Congress into a
  mass party and laid the foundations for an
  alternative, anti-colonial movement.
• Non-violent resistance
• Faced with Indian self-reliance and self-control
  pursued nonviolently, eventually Britain would
  have to leave.

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Gandhi and the Road to Independence

• A British massacre of peaceful protesters in 1919
  in the Punjab left 379 Indian civilians dead and
  more than 1,200 wounded.
• This and other conflicts spurred the nationalists
  to oppose cooperation with government officials,
  to boycott the purchase of goods made in Britain,
  to refuse to send their children to British
  schools, and to withhold their taxes.
• Salt March (1930) and international attention
• Gandhi formed a Hindu-Muslim alliance and turned
  the Indian National Congress into a mass
  organization.

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Progress and Divisions

• Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)
• Believed that only by embracing science and
  technology could India develop as a cosmopolitan,
  modern nation.
• Religion, too, threatened to fracture Gandhis
  hope for anti-colonial unity.
• The Hindu-Muslim alliance began to splinter.
• The Government of India Act of 1935
• The British granted India provincial assemblies,
  a bicameral national legislature, and a
  self-governing executive.
• Enlarged the electorate to 18 of population.
• Separated Burma from India and provided with the
  Burmese with self-government comparable to India.

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A Post-Imperial Turkish Nation

• Until 1914, the Ottoman empire was a colonial
  power. But having fought on the losing German
  side, it collapsed.
• The Treaty of Sevres, which ended the war between
  the Allies and the Ottoman empire, reduced the
  sultans realm to a part of Anatolia.
• Military leaders turned to Turkish nationalism
  and began to launch a state-led drive for
  modernity.
• Peace of Lausanne (1923)

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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk(1881-1938)

• Aiming to replace the image of Turkey as ' the
  Sick Man of Europe ' with that of a dynamic and
  self-renewing non-imperialist country capable of
  winning the respect of its more advanced European
  neighbors, he led his country out of the Middle
  Ages into the twentieth century in a mere couple
  of decades.
• He achieved this through a coordinated series of
  sweeping reforms, all directed towards the
  creation in Turkey of a western-style democracy.

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Turkish Modernity

• 1922 - Sultan deposed.
• 1924 - Turkey proclaimed a republic, whose
  supreme authority would be in an elected House of
  Assembly.
• Modernity
• European-style surnames adopted.
• Adoption of the Latin alphabet.
• Western (Christian) calendar.
• Swiss civil code replaced Muslim religious law.
• Turkish women enfranchised, schools become
  secular.
• In forging a Turkish nation, Kemal looked to
  construct a European-like secular state and to
  eliminate Islams hold over civil and political
  affairs.

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The Middle East

• After World War I, Arab lands of the dissolved
  Ottoman empire fell under French (Lebanon and
  Syria) or British (Iraq and Palestine)
  mandates.
• Result of a wartime agreement Sykes-Picot
  Agreement (1916)

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Palestine and the Jews

• Before World War I, a group of European Jews,
  known as Zionists, had argued that only an exodus
  from existing states to their place of origin in
  Palestine could lead to Jewish self-determination.
  
• Zionists advocated the creation of a Jewish
  state.
• The Balfour Declaration (1917)
• The British promised a homeland for the Jews in
  Palestine. This encouraged the immigration of
  Jewish settlers into the country.
• At the same time however, it also guaranteed the
  rights of indigenous Palestinians.
• This set the stage for a conflict between
  fledgling Jewish and Arab nations.

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Palestine and the Jews

• Contrary to Zionist assertions, a substantial
  Arab population already lived in Palestine, and
  the Palestinian Arabs joined their Arab neighbors
  to oppose a Jewish political entity.
• They proclaimed their own right to
  self-determination as Palestinians.
• When Hitler came to power in Germany, European
  Jews looked to Palestine as a haven.
• The British, increasingly mindful of Arab
  opposition and the strategic oil wealth of the
  Arab states, vacillated over supporting Zionist
  demands for greater immigration.

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Iran (Formerly Persia)

• Reza Khan overthrew the Qajar dynasty in 1921.
• Similar to Turkey, a move was made to Westernize
  and secularize the nation.
• Nationalism, modernization, and a critical
  attitude towards the intrusion of religion into
  public life.
• Maintained the institution of monarchy and was
  succeeded by his son.
• The Pahlavi dynasty ruled Iran until the Islamic
  Revolution of 1978 and the founding of the
  Islamic Republic.

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Africa and Anti-Colonialism

• Africa contained the most recent territories to
  come under the control of the European powers,
  and as such, anti-colonial nationalist movements
  were just getting under way.
• Excluded from representative bodies, Africans
  began to experiment with various forms of
  protest.
• Opposition was still not massive in Africa.

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The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

• When Britain refused to grant Egypt independence
  at Versailles, the country burst into revolt.
• In 1922, Britain proclaimed Egypt (nominally)
  independent, though it retained the right to
  station British troops on Egyptian soil and thus
  continued to influence Egyptian politics.
• An Islamic group, the Muslim Brotherhood,
  attacked liberal democracy as a facade for
  middle-class, business, and landowning
  interests.
• Anti-colonial, Anti-British
• Must renounce the West and return to a purified
  form of Islam.
• A return to Islam through a nation-state
  created yet another model of modernity.

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Egypt at the End of WWI