Unit VIII: WWI and the Interwar Years

1
Unit VIII WWI and the Interwar Years
2
The Path of Western Civilization
WWI
Greeks
Romans
Middles Ages or Dark Ages or
Renaissance
Enlightenment
Medieval Era
3
Long-term Causes

• -fanatical nationalism
• (brinkmanship)
• -rampant militarism
• -system of alliances
• -national/economic competition

4
Short-term Causes

• -June 28, 1914 Serb nationalists assassinate
  the Archduke of Austria
• -Austria sent ultimatum
• -Russia ordered partial mobilization
• -Austria declared war on Serbia
• -Russia ordered full mobilization
• -Germany declared war on Russia
• and France then invaded neutral
• Belgium

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand

5
Gavrilo Princip

6
Europe Excitedly at War
7
Austria Berchtolds Sins

• Pursued a course designed to bring Austria
  Serbia to war
• Sent Serbia impossible demands
• Failed to recognize Russias willingness to help
  Serbia
• Requested German support by asking for their
  approval (Blank Check)

• Count Léopold von Berchtold

8
(No Transcript)
9
The War Begins

• Schlieffen Plan
• six week plan to capture the French army then
  turn on Russia
• Rape of Belgium
• BEFs arrival, Belgian resistance and outpacing
  of supplies caused Germanys failure
• the French Marne Offensive saved France a
  stalemate formed on the Western Front

10
(No Transcript)
11
Trench Warfare

• -machine gun heavy artillery
• -trenches ran from the North Sea to the Adriatic
  Sea
• -go over the top and through no-mans land
• -weapons had changed tactics had not

12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
No Mans Land
16

• Aerial View of Trenches

17
The Western Front
18
Life in the Trenches

• trench foot
• shell shock
• live and let live
• trench culture
• tension between officers enlisted men

19

• New Weapons
• poison gas
• U-boats
• airplanes
• zeppelins
• tanks
• flame throwers
• grenades

20
(No Transcript)
21

• Battle of Verdun
• Battle of the Somme

22
The Home Fronts - Total War

• increased centralization
• cooperation
• rationing regulating
• labor cooperation/strikes
• mass conscription
• suppression of civil liberties
• mutinies in France Italy

23
The Eastern Front

• 1914 Battle of Tannenberg
• 1915 more humiliating losses
• 1916 the Czar took direct control of the
  military
• 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Russian Prisoners

24
Europe in 1917
25
The End of the War

• 1917 US enters
• -Russia exits
• 1918 Germanys last
• gamble 2nd Marne
• November 11th
• -armistice signed
• - November criminals

• US Doughboys

26
(No Transcript)
27
The Versailles Treaty

• Wilson
• Fourteen Points
• Peace Without Victors
• idealist not realistic
• self-determination
• Lloyd George
• Make Germany Pay
• Clemenceau
• national security was priority
• -Germany had more people
• land

28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
World War I Casualties
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
Versailles (cont)

• Germany
• not invited
• 33 billion in reparations
• Article 231
• military limits
• demilitarized Rhineland
• lost Alsace-Lorraine,
• parts of Prussia their
• colonies

34
Versailles (cont)

• Italy
• Russia
• Poland the East
• Japan
• Colonial Possessions

35
(No Transcript)
36
Extended Impact

• The Lost Generation
• Gender roles
• Propaganda
• Pacifism isolation
• Imperialism

37
The Russian Revolution

• 1861 Serfdom abolished
• 1870s 80s social revolutionaries anarchists
  in the countryside
• 1890s Wittes rapid industrialization

• Soviet Flag

38
The Russian Revolution

• 1903 social revolutionaries split Bolsheviks
  Mensheviks (SPD)
• 1904 Russo-Japanese War
• Bloody Sunday
• 1905 Revolution of 1905
• Duma created
• soviets form
• 1914-17 World War I

• Russian Duma

39
Royal Ineptitudethe Romanovs
40

• Rasputin

41
1917

• February Revolution Czar abdicated a
  provisional government under Kerensky was
  established
• Lenin returned - April Thesis
• Bread, Land Peace
• October Revolution
• -Bolsheviks seized power

• Lenins Speech in April

42
The Russian Civil War

• 1918 Bolsheviks lost the elections however
  allowed peasants to seize land workers to seize
  factories
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Reds vs. Whites

43
The Russian Civil War

• Reds Win
• Trotskys genius
• discipline
• unified doctrine
• interior line of defense
• War Communism
• grain seizures nationalized factories
• Cheka
• Red Terror

44
The Soviet Union

• 1922 USSR established
• On the verge of economic collapse, the NEP was
  enacted
• Lenins first stroke
• Lenins precedents
• -bureaucracy terror
• -single-party Politburo
• 1924 Lenin died a power struggle in the
  Politburo emerged Trotsky vs. Stalin

• Lenin Today

45
Soviet Hierarchy
Politburo
Comintern
Central Committee
Soviet
Soviet
Soviet
Soviet
Soviet
46
Stalin vs. Trotsky

• The Left - TROTSKY
• end NEP
• rapid industrial growth
• collectivization
• Continuous Revolution

• The Right - BUKHARIN
• keep the NEP
• slow industrial growth w/
• some free enterprise
• Socialism in one Country

47
Stalin

• 1924-27 consolidated power
• created the NKVD
• 1928 Five-Year Plans
• rapid industrialization
• collectivization
• emphasized capital
• goods not consumer goods
• Gosplan created
• Dekulakization gulags

• Ode to Stalin

48
Stalins Purges

• CAUSES
• Changes from original Comintern position brought
  resistance
• Rapid industrialization resistance to
  collectivization

• VICTIMS
• Bukharin, Trotsky, Kirov old-time Bolsheviks
• Kulaks other peasants
• Ranking army officers

49
Stalins Purges

• 1927
• 1932-33
• 1936
• 1938

50
Totalitarianism

• Governments had increased
• control during WWI
• Rejected liberalism
• Will of the masses
• dominated over the
• individual
• Obedience participation
• Often radically nationalistic
• Could be far right (fascists)
• or far left (communists)
• Technologically savvy

51
Italy

• 1919 verge of bankruptcy
• high inflation unemployment
• unhappy with terms of Versailles
• Mussolinis Fascio di Combattimento appealed to
  veterans used brute force nationalistic
  rhetoric
• 1922 march on Rome w/ his Black Shirts

• Il Duce

52
Fascism in Italy

• Nationalistic ideology
• Militarization
• Rampant sexism
• Education massive indoctrination propaganda
• Loyal to landowners industrialists NOT the
  lower classes
• Secret Police censorship
• Lateran Accords

53
Fascist Youth
54
State Corporatism

• 1926 National Council of Corporations created
• Guilds of employers employees established to
  manage the economy
• Supported by small capitalists the middle
  class all felt threatened by the rise of
  Socialists
• Goal ? harmonize the interests of workers,
  managers and the state by abolishing class
  warfare.
• Reality ? This system retarded technological
  progress and destroyed workers rights.

55
Weimar Germany

• 1919-24
• Versailles punishments
• Ruhr, hyperinflation
• unemployment
• National Socialism
• Beer Hall Putsch
• 1924-29
• stability prosperity
• Nazis organize plan
• 1929-33
• The Great Depression
• Nazis come to power

• Hyperinflation in Germany

56
The GermanMark
57
1923 - Ruhr Valley Fiasco
58
(No Transcript)
59
Weimar Republic Politics
60
(No Transcript)
61
Unemployment during the Great Depression
62
The Great Depression
63
Nazis Rise to Power

• 1929 Great Depression
• perfected electioneering
• brown shirts helped
• emphasized nationalism
• traditional militarism
• appealed to all segments of society fear of
  Communists!
• 1932 Nazis won 40 of seats
• 1933 under pressure, Hindenburg
• appointed Hitler as Chancellor
• Reichstag Fire
• Enabling Act
• Night of the Long Knives

• Nazi Parade c.1929

64
1933 Election Results
65

• Mass assemblies are also necessary for the reason
  that, in attending them, the individual who felt
  himself formerly only on the point of joining the
  new movement, now begins to feel isolated and in
  fear of being left alone as he acquires for the
  first time the picture of a great community which
  has a strengthening and encouraging effect on
  most people. Brigaded in a company or battalion,
  surrounded by his companions, he will march with
  a lighter heart to the attack than if he had to
  march alone. In the crowd he feels
• himself in some way thus sheltered.
• Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf

66
(No Transcript)
67
Nazi Germany

• Economics
• deficit spending
• Gender Roles
• League of German Maidens
• Indoctrination
• Hitler Youth
• Radical Anti-Semitism
• Nuremburg Laws

68
Spanish Civil War

• 1931 King Alfonso XIII abdicated a Popular
  Front formed
• 1936-39 Spanish Civil War
• Nationalists vs. Republicans
• Francos Nationalists win
• dress rehearsal for WWII
• Picassos Guernica

• Republican At the Instant of Death

69
Picassos Guernica
70
The Democracies Depression

• France
• 1920s Raymond Poincare
• Ruhr Valley fiasco
• Cartel of the Left
• 1936 Leon Blums Popular Front Frances New
  Deal
• Great Britain
• massive unemployment
• Keynesian Economics

• Massive Unemployment

71
Culture Between the Wars

• Dalis Persistence of Memory

• Mass Media radio cinema
• BBC
• Goebbels The Triumph of Will
• Art surrealism modern art
• Dalis Persistence of Memory
• Dadaism
• Literature stream of consciousness