Computer System Development

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Computer System Development

• The History of Computation and Computers

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Neolithic Times

• People always interested in computation
  calculation
• Some of earliest artifacts (20,000 BC) were
  computational.
• Deer antler with carved phases of moon and count
  markings
• May be indication of game available

3
4000 BC

• Stonehenge
• Large-scale megalithic structure for computing
  rise positions of sun and moon
• May also have been eclipse calculator

4
The Counting Table

• Greeks invented it around 400 BC
• Table with rows for place values
• Stones used to keep count
• Latin name for stone is calculus
• Special mathematics branch called calculus from
  counting stones

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The Abacus

• Chinese invented it 12 century AD
• Still used in parts of far east
• In experienced hands, it may be faster than
  electronic hand-held calculator

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Napiers Bones (1614)

• Developed logarithms to make multiplication
  division easier
• Invented cylinders to help with subtract
  multiply
• Called Napiers Bones because they were carved
  from ivory
• Slide rule was developed from Bones (1622)
• Used up to 1970s

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Mechanical Calculators

• Pascaline (1642)
• Developed by Blaise Pascal

10s tooth
0-9
10-90
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Mechanical Calculators

• Leibnitzs Wheel
• Used gears to , -
• Could not do , /
• Saved immense amount of time
• One math table before would take lifetime
• All of these werent computers
• No memory
• Not programmable

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First Computer makes Sweaters

• Joseph Jacquard (1800s)
• Wanted a way to weave more complex patterns
• Used holes in punched cards
• Holes would be used to raise threads in loom to
  bring appropriate color to the top have it
  appear in the final pattern
• Luddites (1811)

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Babbage

• Difference Engine (1823)
• 6 decimal places
• , -, and /
• Other complex mathematical calculations, too
• Tried to build 20 digits version
• Couldnt, technology wasnt up to it

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Babbage

• Analytic Engine
• First real computer
• Wasnt built due to technical problems
• 1980s MIT engineering students built one, it
  worked

Babbage Mill Store Operator Output
Von Neuman ALU Memory Control Unit I/O
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Hollerithm 1890 Census

• US holds census every 10 years
• Needed to count people professions by location
• 1880 Census took 8 years to complete by hand
• Estimated that 1890 Census would take 12 years
• Hollerith used keypunch, sorter tabulator
• Not quite a computer but it did census in 2 years
  even with 20 increase in US population
• Holleriths Tabulating-Recording Company
• Used by many businesses
• Became IBM

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Early Electronic Computers

• World War II
• Needed tables for artillery pieces
• Needed to break enemy codes
• These needed a different method of calculating
  quickly
• Navy IBM (1931)
• Howard Aiken, Mark I
• Used vacuum tubes (binary)
• Previous machines used 10 toothed gears

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Mark I

• Completed 1941
• 72 number memory
• 23 digit calculations
• Multiplication took 4 seconds
• Still used in 1956

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ENIAC

• University of Pennsylvania (1940s)
• Create firing tables with temperature, range and
  gun elevation as inputs
• Presper Eckert John Mauchly
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
• Completed in 1946
• 3 meters high
• 18000 tubes
• Weighed 30 tonnes
• Add two 10 digit numbers in 1/5000 second,
  multiply in 1/300 second

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Other Early Computers

• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• 1939-1942
• Specialized to solve simultaneous equations
• Collossus (the Bomb)
• Bletchley Park, UK
• Alan Turing
• Cracked German Enigma code
• Z1
• Konrad Zuse (for German army)
• Didnt get it work before wars end

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Von Neumann (1940s)

• Invented concepts we just studied
• ALU
• Control Unit
• Memory
• I/O devices
• Stored Program Architecture

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Commercial Computers

• UNIVAC
• 1951
• Used in 1950s US census

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Modern Era (1950 to Present)

• First Generation (1950-1959)
• Bulky, expensive, slow
• Tubes
• Special clean rooms
• Difficult to maintain

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Modern Era (1950 to present)

• Second Generation (1959-65)
• Transistor based
• Magnetic Cores
• Early programming languages
• COBOL, Fortran
• Programmer

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Modern Era (1950s to present)

• Third Generation (1965 to 1975)
• ICs
• Minicomputers (PDP 1) by DEC
• By 1970s computers were no longer rare
• Widely used in education, government industry
• Apple II, Altair 8800

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Modern Era (1950s to present)

• Fourth Generation (1975-1985)
• IBM microcomputer
• Explosion of PCs
• Computer networks
• eMail
• Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs)
• Embedded systems

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Modern Era (1950s to present)

• Fifth Generation (1985 on)
• Massively parallel computers (trillions of
  calculations per second)
• AI
• Robotics
• Palmtops laptops
• VR
• Multimeedia interfaces
• Integrated global telecommunications (WWW)
• Wireless data
• Massive direct access storage (terabytes of
  storage)

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What If

• In 50 years
• Millions to hundreds of dollars
• 1000 numbers in memory to 100 Mbytes
• Cars
• If cars had changed at same rate
• Wed have 30,000 kph cars
• A million km/liter
• Cost about a dollar
• (Crash once a year killing all occupants)

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The Future

• Von Neuman bottleneck
• Speed of light is limiting factor
• Signals travel only so fast
• Size of components
• Needs more and more powerful forms of energy to
  etch them
• Harder to make them work adequately

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Non-von Neuman machines

• Parallel processing
• Single Control Unit Many ALUs
• SIMD Single Instruction Stream, Multiple data
  streams
• Useful in scientific processing graphics
• Many Control Units Many ALUs
• MIMD Multiple Instruction Stream, Multiple Data
  Steam
• SETI at Home

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Scalability

• If 100 processors are not enough, then add more
• Communications becomes the bottleneck
• Flop Floating Point Instruction / second
• PowerPC 23.5 gigaflops
• CDC 6600 (1960s) 1 megaflop
• Cray X-MP (1980s) 1 gigaflop
• Current range is 2-10 teraflops
• In 1996, Ultra computer broke the 1 teraflop
  barrier
• Contained 9,072 Pentium Pro processors
• Current record uses PowerPCs (17.6 teraflop)
• Currently designing petaflop computer (1015)