MOTIVATION

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MOTIVATION
"What does not kill us makes us stronger." -
Friedrich Nietzsche
CHAPTER 12
"A life spent in making mistakes is not only more
honorable but more useful than a life spent doing
nothing." - George Bernard Shaw,
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What is motivation?

• An inferred process within a person or animal
  that causes movement either toward a goal or away
  from an unpleasant situation
• 2 types of motivation
• Intrinsic
• The pursuit of an activity for its own sake
  (satisfaction from a job well done)
• Extrinsic
• The pursuit of an activity for external rewards
  (money, fame)

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3 Conditions Necessary for Motivation to Take
Place

• Must see value in taking the action
• Must believe you can do it
• Must be no greater competing value

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Motives To Eat

• Biology of Weight
• Genetic influences on weight and body shape
• Set point
• The weight you stay at when not trying to gain or
  lose
• Basal metabolism rate
• The rate at which the body burns calories for
  energy
• Twins
• Gain weight and weigh similarly
• Heaviness not always caused by overeating, but
  genetics
• Also heavy people arent any more emotionally
  distrubed than average weight people

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Environment and Obesity

• Environmental factors related to weight gain
• Fast food is easier to obtain and low in cost
  which makes it eaten more often
• More eating quickly and high calorie instead of
  leisurely meals at home
• Energy saving devices (remote controls)
• Speed and convenience of driving rather than
  walking or biking
• People would rather watch TV than exercise

6
Culture, Gender, and Weight

• In some cultures, ex Nigeria, being fatter is
  considered desirableif you are fatter, you can
  afford more food
• More likely for their citizens to become obese
• In America, the desirable body type for women has
  been getting thinner and thinner For males the
  more muscle the better
• More likely for citizens to have eating disorders

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Eating Disorders

• Bulimia
• An eating disorder characterized by episodes of
  excessive eating (bingeing) followed by forged
  vomiting or use of laxatives (purging)
• Anorexia Nervosa
• An eating disorder characterized by fear of being
  fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced
  consumption of food, and emaciation

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Motives to Love

• Psychology of Love
• Attachment theory
• Emotional dynamics of adult romantic
  relationships are governed by the shame
  biological system that governs the
  infant-caregiver relationship
• Secure or rarely jealous not worried about being
  abandoned
• Avoidant or distrustful avoids intimate
  attachment
• Anxious, ambivalent, agitated, and worried that
  partner will leave
• Peoples attachment styles as adults derive in
  large part from how their parents cared for them
• Need for affiliation
• Motive to associate with other people
• Predictors of love
• Proximity
• Friends and lovers from the set of people closet
  to us
• Similarity
• Friends and lovers who are similar to us in
  looks, attitudes, beliefs, personality, and
  interests

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Sternbergs Triangular Theory of Love

• Passion
• Euphoria and sexual excitement
• Intimacy
• Being free to talk about things
• Feeling close to and understood by loved ones
• Commitment
• Needing to be with the other person
• Being loyal
• Ideal love involves all three

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Gender, Culture, and Love

• Men and women differ in
• Expression of love
• Men doing
• Women saying
• Definition of intimacy
• Men hanging out
• Women sharing feelings
• Choice of partners
• Men romantic
• Women - pragmatic

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Biology of Desire

• Hormones and Sexual Response
• Testosterone
• Promotes sexual desire in both sexes
• Arousal and Orgasm
• Freud
• immature clitoral orgasms and mature vaginal
  orgasms in women
• Kinsey
• Males and females had similar orgasms but females
  were less sexual
• Masters and Johnson
• Womens capacity for sexual responses surpassed
  mens

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Psychology of Desire

• Motives for sex
• Enhancement
• Emotional satisfaction or physical pleasure
• Intimacy
• Emotional closeness with your partner
• Coping
• Dealing with negative emotions and
  disappointments
• Self-affirmation
• Reassurance that you are attractive/desirable
• Partner approval
• Desire to please or appease your partner
• Peer approval
• To impress your friends, conform to what
  everyone else is doing

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Motivations for Rape

• Peer approval
• Anger, revenge, desire to dominate or humiliate
  the victim
• Narcissism and hostility toward women
• Contempt for the victim and a sadistic pleasure
  in inflicting pain
• Sexual scripts
• Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual
  behavior for a person in a given situation,
  varying with the persons age, culture, and
  gender

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Factors that DONT Explain Homosexuality

• A smothering mother
• An absent father
• Emotional problems
• Same sex play in childhood and adolescence
• Parental practices
• Role models
• Seduction by an older adult

Biological Explanations for Homosexuality

• Prenatal exposure to androgens
• Moderately heritable
• Brain differences havent been replicated

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Problem With Finding Origin of Homosexuality

• Sexual identity and behavior are different and
  can occur in different combinations
• Bisexual
• Heterosexual but have homosexual fantasies
• Sexual behaviors can differ in different cultures

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Motives to Achieve

• Need for achievement
• Learned motive to meet personal standards of
  success and excellence in a chosen area
• Importance of Goals
• Goals improve motivation when
• The goal is specific
• The goal is challenging
• The goal is framed in terms of getting what you
  want rather than what you dont want
• Approach goals
• Positive experiences that you seek directly (get
  a better grade)
• Avoidance goals
• Involve the effort to avoid unpleasant experience
  (try not to make a fool of myself)

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Types of Goals

• Performance
• Goals framed in terms of performing well in front
  of others, ,being judged favorably, and avoiding
  criticism
• Mastery (learning)
• goals framed in terms of increasing ones
  competence and skills

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Expectations and Self-Efficacy

• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• An expectation that comes true because of the
  tendency of the person holding it to act in ways
  that ring it about
• Self-efficacy
• A person's belief that he or she is capable of
  producing desired results, such as mastering new
  skills and reaching goals

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Effects of Work on Motivation

• Working conditions
• Several aspects of the work environment are
  likely to increase work motivation and
  satisfaction and reduce the chances of emotional
  burnout
• Work feels meaningful
• Employees have control over many aspects of their
  work
• Tasks are varied rather than repetitive
• The company maintains clear and consistent rules
• Employees receive useful feedback
• Company offers opportunities for growth
• Opportunities to Achieve
• When a person lacks a fair chance to make it, he
  or she may be less than successful

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Motivational Conflicts

• Approach-approach conflict
• Equally attracted to two or more possible
  activities or goals
• Avoidance-avoidance conflict
• Choose between the lesser of two evils
• Approach-avoidance conflict
• A single activity goal that has both a positive
  and negative aspect
• Multiple Approach-Avoidance conflicts
• Several choices, each with advantages and
  disadvantages

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Maslows Pyramid of Needs

• Hierarchy arranged by needs
• Low-level needs must be met before trying to
  satisfy higher-level needs
• Esteem status, respect, power
• Self-actualization fulfill ones potential

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Universal Psychological Needs

• Autonomy
• Feeling that choices are based on true interests
  and values
• Competence
• Feeling able to master hard challenges
• Relatedness
• Feeling close to others who are important to you
• Self-esteem
• Self-respect

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'if' by rudyard kipling If you can keep your head
when all about youAre losing theirs and blaming
it on you,If you can trust yourself when all men
doubt you,But make allowance for their doubting
tooIf you can wait and not be tired by
waiting,Or being lied about, don't deal in
lies,Or being hated, don't give way to
hating,And yet don't look too good, nor talk too
wise If you can dream - and not make dreams your
master,If you can think - and not make thoughts
your aimIf you can meet with Triumph and
DisasterAnd treat those two impostors just the
sameIf you can bear to hear the truth you've
spokenTwisted by knaves to make a trap for
fools,Or watch the things you gave your life to,
broken,And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out
tools If you can make one heap of all your
winningsAnd risk it all on one turn of
pitch-and-toss,And lose, and start again at your
beginningsAnd never breath a word about your
lossIf you can force your heart and nerve and
sinewTo serve your turn long after they are
gone,And so hold on when there is nothing in
youExcept the Will which says to them "Hold
on!" If you can talk with crowds and keep your
virtue,Or walk with kings - nor lose the common
touch,If neither foes nor loving friends can
hurt you,If all men count with you, but none too
muchIf you can fill the unforgiving minuteWith
sixty seconds' worth of distance run,Yours is
the Earth and everything that's in it,And -
which is more - you'll be a Man, my son!