Joints

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Joints

• Chapter 7
• Bio160

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Types of Joints
Fibrous Sutures between skull bones, between
teeth and jaw and between radius and ulna and
tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous Epiphyseal plate, costal
cartilage, between vertebrae and pubic symphysis
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Types of Synovial Joints

• Gliding intercarpal and intertarsal,
  sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular,
  sternocostal, and vertebrocostal

• Hinge knee, elbow, ankle and interphalangeal

• Pivot atlanto-axial, radioulnar

• Condyloid wrist and metacarpophalangeal (2-5)

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Saddle carpometacarpal in thumb

• Ball and Socket shoulder and hip

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Types of Movements at Synovial Joints

• Flexion and Extension

• Abduction and Adduction

• Inversion and Eversion

• Elevation and Depression

• Supination and Pronation

• Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

• Rotation

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Muscle Tissue

• Chapter8
• Bio160

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Connective Tissue Components

• Entire muscle is wrapped in fibrous connective
  tissue which is continuous with tendons that
  insert skeletal muscle into bone

• This outer connective tissue of muscle can also
  be called deep fascia (sheet of fibrous
  connective tissue) as compared to superficial
  fascia also known as subcutaneous tissue

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Connective Tissue Components

• Connective tissue holds muscle together as well
  as serving to transmit blood vessels and nerves
  to inner muscle cells

• Connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle

Epimysium - outside of entire muscle
Perimysium - divides muscle cells into fascicles
(bundles)
Endomysium - covers individual muscle cells
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Histology

• Large ? Small fascicle ? fiber ? fibril ?
  filament

• Muscle consists of elongated cells called muscle
  fibers

Sarco fleshy

• Sarcolemma - cell membrane

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Histology

• Transverse (T) tubule - tubular invagination of
  sarcolemma that surrounds each myofibril

• Sarcoplasm cytoplasm

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - smooth endoplasmic
  reticulum that stores Ca2, has enlarged portions
  called cisternae that surround the transverse
  tubules

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Histology

• Myofibrils cross section of muscle cell
  consists of small cylinders called myofibrils
  which may number several 100 to several 1000/cell
  (exercise increases myofibril production lack of
  exercise decreases myofibrils (atrophy))

Each myofibril consists of myofilaments (protein)
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Histology

• thick myofilaments myosin

• thin myofilaments actin, troponin, tropomyosin

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Histology

• thick myofilaments myosin

• thin myofilaments actin, troponin, tropomyosin

Each myofibril is surrounded by SR
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Histology

• Sarcomere - myofilaments don't extend entire
  length of muscle fiber they are stacked into
  compartments called sarcomeres

Sarcomeres are the functional unit of a skeletal
muscle (contractile unit)
Myofilament arrangement in sarcomeres results in
alternating pattern of light and dark staining
bands
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Histology (6)
Parts of sarcomere

• A band - myosin overlapping actin, dark
  staining band

• I band - only actin, troponin, tropomyosin (2 I
  bands / sarcomere), light staining band

• Z disc through center of I band

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