Organizing the Data

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Organizing the Data

• Types and Typologies

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Organizing Data

• Data collected during research must be organized
  before it can be interpreted
• pigeon holing
• Potential problem how you organize the data can
  affect your answers, or even what types of
  answers you can look for
• Data can be organized in many different ways, and
  you have to think about this BEFORE you start
  your research

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Example Linnaean system of classification

• Carl Linneaus, 1735, Systema Naturae
• Presented hierarchical scheme for classifying
  living things based on degree of biological
  similarity
• Domain Eukarya (organisms which have cells with
  a nucleus)
• Kingdom Animalia (with eukaryotic cells having
  cell membrane but lacking cell wall,
  multicellular, heterotrophic)
• Phylum Chordata (animals with a notochord,
  dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits,
  which may be vestigial or embryonic)
• Subphylum Vertebrata (possessing a backbone,
  which may be cartilaginous, to protect the dorsal
  nerve cord)
• Class Mammalia (endothermic vertebrates with
  hair and mammary glands which, in females,
  secrete milk to nourish young)
• Cohort Placentalia (giving birth to live young
  after a full internal gestation period)
• Order Primates (collar bone, eyes face forward,
  grasping hands with fingers)
• Suborder Anthropoidea (monkeys, including apes,
  including humans as opposed to the lemurs,
  lorises, and tarsiers)
• Infraorder Catarrhini (Old World anthropoids)
• Superfamily Hominoidea (apes, including humans)
• Family Hominidae (great apes, including humans)
• Genus Homo (humans and related extinct species)
• Species Homo sapiens (high forehead,
  well-developed chin, gracile bone structure)

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Criteria for Classification

• Nature of typology depends on questions being
  asked
• Questionvessel function, criteriashape
• Questionvessel ethnicity, criteriadecoration
• Typologies tend to go from general criteria to
  more specific
• Material Manufacturing process Basic shape
  Decoration
• Ceramic Earthenware Jar Linear Incised
• Stone flint chipped projectile point square
  stemmed
• Basic level of typology the type (analogous to
  species)

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Types, Time and Space

• Archaeologists use typology to organize the
  archaeological record in time and space
• Human populations tend to favor certain artifact
  types over others
• Types limited geographically
• Types tend to change into new types over time
• Types limited chronologically
• Types which clearly delineate a specific region
  and period of time termed Diagnostic
• Regions/Time Periods delineated by specific
  groups of types termed phases
• Very important prior to absolute dating still
  widely used

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