Lifespan Development

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Lifespan Development
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• Growth.
• Physiological development of a living being that
  is measured in body size.
• Development.
• Progression of behavioral changes that involve
  cognitive, linguistics, and psychosocial skills.
• G D
• Predictable
• Continuous
• Sequential
• Stages build on each other
• Different rates for each person

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Factors That Influence G D

• Genetics
• Chromosomes
• Physical traits, human functioning
• Environment
• Social and cultural groups
• Animate
• Specific people that influence the person
• Inanimate
• Different aspects of the physical surroundings
• Perception
• Interpretation of the environment

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Psychodynamics Theories

• Explanation of human behavior through the
  lifespan.
• Erikson
• Development is a lifelong process, birth to death
• Emotional and social development of the
  personality
• Page 266 table 17-2
• Normal vs. abnormal behavior

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• Cognitive Development Theory
• Perception and thinking throughout the
  development stages.
• Piaget
• Ability to think and reason in a logical manner
• Three abilities
• Assimilation
• Accommodation
• Adaptation
• Developmental Task Theory
• Havighurst
• Living and growing is based on learning and
  learned behaviors
• Developmental task
• P. 268 table 17-4

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Developmental Milestones

• Predictable patterns of normal development
  according to age

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Human Needs Theory

• Maslow
• Hierarchy framework based on physiologic needs
  resulting in self-actualization.
• Focus on health promotion, wellness, preventing
  illness
• Encourages individuals taking responsibility for
  their health.
• Handout

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Intrauterine Development

• Single cell to a human being
• Physical Development
• First Trimester
• Embryo-2-8 weeks
• 8 weeks
• Face, legs, arms, brain, heartbeat, productive
  digestive system and liver ( RBC production)
• Susceptible to environmental and developmental
  influences
• Malformation
• Appearance of the first bone
• Fetus
• 3 inches long and weighs 1 oz.

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• Second Trimester
• Continues to developed and nonviable lt20 weeks
• Lanugo, head hair, eye lashes, eyebrows,
  fingernails, and toenails.
• Skeletal ossification
• Red and wrinkled
• Eyes are closed
• 11-14 inches long and weighs 1 lb, 4 oz
• Third Trimester
• Refined fetal features
• Increase in size
• Decreased movement
• Head large in comparison to the body
• Lungs mature
• Short-term immunity from the mother
• Through placenta
• High survival rate

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Intrauterine Cont

• Psychosocial Development
• Pre term events may effect cognitive, language,
  and affective development.
• Cognitive Development
• Fetus response to internal and external
• Change in heart rate or movement
• Diminished 02, severe prenatal malnutrition can
  adversely affect developmental functioning

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Newborn

• Birth to 1 month
• Physical Development
• Nutrition
• Breathing
• Elimination
• Immature organs
• Average weight 7 lbs 1 oz
• Average height 19.3 inches
• Reflexive movement of extremities
• Briefly lift head
• Fisted hands

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Infant

• 1 month to 1 year
• Physical development
• Fast growth
• Voluntary motor movements
• Visual acuity
• Motor ability increases
• Pincher grasp
• Eruption of deciduous teeth

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Toddler

• 1 to 3 years
• Physical
• Large heads, pot-bellied
• Slower growth rate
• All deciduous teeth present (3ys)
• Visual acuity
• 2-3 years 20/30

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Preschooler

• 3-6 years
• Physical
• At 5 years
• AV 39 lbs, 40 inches
• Miniature adult form
• Permanent teeth begin
• Attend to ADLs
• Visual acuity
• 20/20

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School-age

• 6-11 years
• Physical
• Taller and thinner
• 2-3 inches/year
• 6.5 lbs/year
• Redistribution of fat and muscle
• Facial changes
• Loose/gain four teeth per year
• Large muscle activities
• Small muscle activities

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Adolescent

• 11-22 years
• Physical
• Rapid growth
• Puberty
• Growth spurts

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Young Adult

• 21-40 years
• Physical
• Stable physical structure
• Maturation complete
• Peak efficiency
• Peak reproductive function

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Middle Adult

• 40-60 years
• Physical
• Transition
• Redistribution of body tissue
• Hair changes
• Decreased vision
• Decreased muscular strength
• Decreased hormones
• Increased fatigue
• Maintain healthy life style

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Older Adults

• 60 years and older
• Physical
• Decline in physiologic systems functions
• Decreased in stamina and strength
• dDcreased recovery time
• Sensory changes
• Decreased elimination control
• Degenerative changes in bones
• Handout

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Health Perception and Health Management

• Fetus, Newborn, and Infant
• Maternal factors have a life long effect
• General health, health history, drug/alcohol use,
  smoking, exposure to toxins, diet, and stress
• Early prenatal care
• Lifestyles conducive for optimum health of the
  fetus
• Infants
• Regular well child visits
• Immunizations
• Preventive teaching

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• Prone to infection
• Mouthing objects
• Day care
• Low socioeconomic status
• Chief concern
• Safety
• Safe sleeping conditions
• Fall prevention
• Aspirations
• Poisoning
• Toddler/Preschooler
• Prone infections/minor illness
• Immunizations
• Falls, minor scrapes, drowning, burns, poisoning
  MVA
• Environmental safety
• Proper storage of chemicals/medications
• Seatbelts/life vest
• Household
• Wall sockets, stoves, stairs, space heaters

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• School-Age
• Minor illness
• Exposure to other children at school
• Accidents
• Bicycles, skateboards, other riding vehicles
• Stranger Awareness
• Adolescents
• Learning identity/ testing limits
• Feel invulnerability
• Health risk
• Smoking, drugs, alcohol, fast driving, DUI,
  sexual activity
• STDs, AIDS Pregnancy
• Gang activity
• Suicide/homicide
• Children killing children
• Teach
• Sex education, proper nutrition, hygiene

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• Adults
• Occupational safety
• Unhealthy behaviors
• Smoking, drinking promiscuity
• Hypertension, DM, elevated cholesterol, serious
  illness (cancer)
• Older adults
• Age-related changes
• Decreased ability to manage health
• Hearing, vision, mobility
• Poor nutrition
• Effects of unhealthy habits
• COPD, DM CAD, joint degeneration
• Guidance
• Health teaching on behavior modifications

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Activity and Exercise

• Newborn/infant
• Prone to respiratory difficulties
• Immaturity of airways and lungs
• Safety
• Injury
• Close supervision
• Toddler/Preschooler
• Respiratory infection
• Adventurous and take risk
• Guidance
• Prevention of infection and promoting safety

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• School-age
• Respiratory infection
• Susceptible to fractures
• Bones are not ossified completely
• Safety issues
• protective clothing when riding bicycles,
  skateboards, roller blades
• Sports injuries
• Adolescents
• smoking, smokeless tobacco
• malignancy, decreased lung capacity
• Sport safety
• Driving safety
• Gang alert
• Appearance
• Skin problems/Acne

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• Adults/Older Adults
• Effects of smoking and pollution
• Lung and heart problems
• ASHD
• Change in motor ability
• Decreased exercise
• use it or lose it, if you rest you rust
• Guidance
• Regular exercise programs, low fat, high fiber
  diet, leisure activity

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Nutrition Metabolic

• Newborn/ Infants
• Breast milk/ formula
• First 6 months
• Eruption of teeth
• Solid foods
• Poor temperature regulation
• Decreased fat
• Guidance
• Proper formula preparation
• Introduction of new foods

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• Toddler/ Preschooler
• Parents have less control on what children eat
• Incomplete chewing of food
• Choke
• Teach
• Encouragement of variety of foods
• Hygiene practices
• WASHING HANDS
• Brushing and flossing teeth
• 1st dentist visit
• 2nd birthday
• School age
• Social influence on food consumption
• Peer influences/media
• Involve child in food preparation

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• Adolescent
• Rapid growth/ high nutritional needs
• Insufficient iron, CA, Zinc
• Health problem
• Bulimia, anorexia nervosa
• Stress eatingobesity
• Teach
• Good nutrition
• Behavior change r/t thinness
• Adult/Older adult
• Activity decrease
• Nutritional needs unchanged
• Obesity, bulimia, anorexia nervosa
• Health problems
• CAD, DM, Renal
• Teach
• reliable information/healthy lifestyle

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Elimination

• Newborn/infant
• No bladder/bowel control r/t immaturity
• Diaper rash
• Toddler/ Preschooler
• Potty control-2-3 years
• Patience, allow the child to progress at the
  child's own pace
• School age
• Nocturnal enuresis
• gt6 yearsproblem

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• Adult/Older Adult
• Disrupted by normal life events
• Pregnancy
• Pelvic musculature
• Stress incontinence
• CVA, prostatic surgery, colostomy
• Incontinence/ nocturia

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Sleep and Rest

• Newborn/Infant
• Sleep through the night by 3-4 months
• Sleep patterns
• Toddler/Preschooler
• 1-2 naps
• Majority of sleep at night
• Nightmares
• 2 years
• Fearful situations

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• School age.
• Continuation of nightmares and nighttime
  awakening.
• Bedwetting.
• Children will outgrow this.
• Scolding and punishment are ineffective.
• Adolescents.
• Increased need of sleep r/t rapid growth and
  endocrine changes.
• Teach time management and balance of activities
  to encourage more sleep time.

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• Adults/Older Adults
• Sleep problems often linked to stress
• Poor sleep habits
• Nighttime eating, exercises prior to bedtime.
• Insomnia-problem initiating or maintaining sleep
• Sleep apnea- absence of breath for gt 10 seconds
  five time an hour
• Keep sleep routine

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Cognition/Perception

• Newborn/Infants
• Sensory stimulation is a basic need
• Over stimulation can stress the nervous system
• Pain identification
• Rubbing ears- otitis media
• Decrease in nursing-sore throat
• Restless sleep, fussy, crying-pain
• Physical sensory stimulation
• Cuddling, holding
• Environmental stimulation
• Colorful mobiles, pictures, sounds, and toys

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• Toddler/Preschooler
• Hearing and vision problems can impede
  developmental progress
• Often will continue playing even when in pain
• 3ys can use pain face scale
• School age/adolescents
• Difficulty with school work
• Sensory problems
• Physiologic, emotional, environmental problems
• Drugs / alcohol
• Poor academic performance,withdrawal, change in
  personality
• Adult/Older Adult
• Age declining sensory function
• Pain perception varies with age
• Not a part of the aging process
• Confusion, dementia

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Self-Perception and Self-Concept

• Newborn/Infants
• Stems from primary caregivers
• Toddler/preschooler
• Egocentric
• Anger, jealousy, regression
• School-age/ adolescent
• Tied to peers and peer relationships
• Challenges the persons self-concept
• Positive groups
• Church, Scouts, Sports
• Adults/Older Adults
• Adults this pattern is individual.
• Older Adults-depressed over life events

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Roles and Relationships

• Newborn/Infants
• Attachment
• Interaction between infant and caregiver
• Toddler/Preschooler
• Sense of loss
• Separation anxiety and protest
• Not evidence of lack of attachment

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• School age/Adolescent
• Two influencing keys
• Sexual development
• Peer group
• Less time with family
• Adults/ Older Adults
• Roles include
• Career, intimacy, marriage, parenthood
• Defer parenting r/t career
• Middle/ older adults roles
• Loss of relationships
• Relocation, divorce, death or illness
• Loss of work role
• Reduced mobility and activity

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Coping and Stress

• Newborn/Infants
• Not immune to stress
• Stress r/t satisfaction of basic needs
• Toddler/Preschooler
• Separation stress
• Death, divorce, illness of family
• Sibling rivalry
• Learn from stressful events
• Positive/negative

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• School age/adolescents
• Academic pressures
• Sport performance expectations
• Peer pressure
• Substance abuse
• Adult/Older Adult
• Balancing various roles
• Events in change and loss

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Sexuality and Reproduction

• Newborn/Infants
• Gender determined at conception
• Toddler/Preschooler
• Exploratory behavior
• Play doctor
• Exhibitionistic behavior
• Removal of clothes
• Can identify between sexes based on body parts

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• School Age/ Adolescents
• Stable concept of self as male or female by 7 yrs
• Adolescents
• STD/Aids
• Birth control
• Identification of sexual preference
• Heterosexual/Homosexual
• Sexual abuse
• Children-sleep disturbances and excessive holding
  on to parents
• School age- phobias, decline in school
  performances
• Adolescents- Socially unacceptable behaviors,
  sexual promiscuity, run away from home, failing
  academic performances

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• Adults/Older Adults
• Early adults
• Reproduction
• STDs, sexual dysfunction
• Middle adults
• Women menopause
• Older adults
• Decreased mobility
• Limit sexual activity
• Health problems
• Relocation
• Nursing home

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Values and Beliefs

• Newborn/Infants
• Poor understanding of right or wrong until older
• Toddler/Preschooler
• Punishment and rewards guide their behaviors
• Religious practices through family
• School age
• Want to fit in and will do right
• Less emphasis on reward and punishment

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• Adolescents
• Moral judgments that are situation-specific
  leading to a choice or decision
• Question faith and challenge religion.
• Adults/ Older Adults
• Values and moral development are at the highest
  level with autonomous decisions
• Moral reasoning is bound by rules and personal
  values
• Spiritual beliefs evolve and are applied to
  various situations.
• Health and spiritual harmony
• Blaming a higher being for health problems
• Feel they have done wrong