Late NineteenthCentury Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa

1
Late Nineteenth-Century Imperialism and the
Scramble for Africa

• 1880-1914

2
(No Transcript)
3
Map_22.05.jpg
4
Map_22.06.jpg
5
Causes of New Imperialism

• ECONOMIC motives
• PRESTIGE and NATIONALISM
• DOMESTIC POLITICS
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and its technological
  advances
• SOCIAL DARWINISM
• WHITE MANS BURDEN
• MISSIONARY ZEAL

6
Egypt and modernization

• Egypt - great, ancient civilization
• after 525 BCE, Egypt was ruled by foreigners,
  most recently the Ottoman empire.
• 1798 Napoleon occupied the country for three
  years.
• After Napoleon, Ottomans appointed an
  Albanian-born, Turkish general, Muhammad Ali
  (1769-1849)
• Ali began modernizing Egypt

7
Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)
8
Egypt and modernization

• 1849 Ali died, but Egypt was becoming a locally
  powerful and almost fully independent state,
  ruled by Alis family
• Muhammad Alis policies attracted many Europeans
  to the region
• In the port city of Alexandria, more than 50,000
  Europeans were living in 1864.
• Europeans often served as advisors of one or
  another, army officers, engineers, doctors etc.

9
Egypt and modernization

• Ismail (r. 1863 to 1879) renewed Muhammads
  Europeanizing of Egypt
• Imagined a vast empire in northeast Africa
  irrigation networks, cotton production and
  exports to Europe
• Ismail encouraged Egyptians to get a European
  education and come back
• Ismail also borrowed a lot of money from British
  and French banks

10
Egypt and modernization

• Suez Canal
• Took 11 years to (re-)build
• Used up to 30,000 forced laborers
• 1869 completed by French company
• 1875 Ismail forced to sell shares for 4 million
  pounds to British government

11
Egypt and modernization

• Ismails debt problems increased
• French and British imposed overseers
• Interference provoked nationalist reaction

12
Egyptian Nationalist Party Colonel Ahmed Arabi
13
Egypt and modernization

• 1879 British and French force Ottomans to remove
  Ismail
• Son Tewfiq takes his place
• Arabi increasingly challenges Tewfiqs authority
• 1882 anti-foreigner riots in Alexandria

14
Egypt and occupation

• 1882 British send Navy
• Bombard Alexandria
• Arabi tries to resist, but soon all of Egypt
  occupied temporarily
• Stayed until 1956!

15
Egypt and occupation

• British Consul General Evelyn Baring (r.
  1883-1907)
• NEW model for European expansion
• densely populated areas
• military force
• political domination
• self-justifying ideology of beneficial reform

16
King of Belgium, Leopold II (r. 1865-1909)

• 1860 "I believe that the moment is come for us
  to extend our territories. I think that we must
  lose no time, under penalty of seeing the few
  remaining good positions seized upon by more
  enterprising nations than our own.
• 1876 International Association for the
  Exploration and Civilization of the Congo

17
Henry M. Stanley (1841-1904)

• Orphan
• Self-made
• Wanderer
• Journalist
• Explorer
• Found David Livingstone
• 1878 went to work for Leopold

18
Map_22.05.jpg
19
Pierre de Brazza (1852-1905)

• Explored the north of the Congo river for France

20
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)Otto von Bismarck
and Jules Ferry
21
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)Otto von Bismarck
and Jules Ferry

• Effective Occupation XXXV. The Signatory Powers
  of the present Act recognize the obligation to
  insure the establishment of authority in the
  regions occupied by them on the coasts of the
  African Continent sufficient to protect existing
  rights, and, as the case may be, freedom of trade
  and of transit under the conditions agreed upon.
• Congo Free State
• Abolished Slavery
• Led to the occupation of almost the entire
  continent

22
Battle of Khartoum, 1884-85
23
Battle of Adowa, 1896Menelik II of Ethiopia vs.
Italy
24
Battle of Omdurman, 1898
25
Battle of Omdurman, 1898 Around 10,000 Ansar
were killed, 13,000 wounded,5,000 taken
prisonerBritish force lost 48 men with 382
wounded
26
Fashoda incident, 1898

• French Jean-Baptiste Marchand
• British Horatio Herbert Kitchener (later Lord
  Kitchener)

27
George Washington Williams (1849-1891)

• First African American historian
• 1889 Leopold II
• 1890 Congo Free State to settle African
  Americans
• 1890 wrote Leopold an open letter
• 1891 died in Blackpool

28
Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)

• Jozef Teodor Konrad Nalecz Korzeniowski
• Merchant marine
• Languages
• Congo in 1890
• Heart of Darkness (1899)

29
Map_22.06.jpg
30
Consequences of New Imperialism

• 1. ARMY OF OCCUPATION Guns and plunder
• 2. AFRICAN SOCIETY
• DEATH
• RULES OF SOCIETY
• ECONOMY
• NEW BORDERS
• HUMILIATION

31
Consequences (cont.)

• 3. CULTURE
• 4. CONFLICT AMONGST IMPERIAL POWERS
• 5. ENCOURAGED EUROPEANS SENSE OF SUPERIORITY and
  RACISM