Chapters 1213

1
Life Science - Mr. Galloway
Chapters 12-13 Vertebrates Fish,
Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
Recommended Websites www.soulcare.org www.icr.org
www.AnswersInGenesis.org
2
Ch 121 What is a Vertebrate?
An Animal Experiment
3
Chordate - the phylum whose members have a
notochord, a nerve cord, and slits in their
throat area at some point in their lives. (Not
gills in a human embryo, as some once thought.)
Vertebrates a subphylum of the phylum
Chordates. Notochord a flexible rod that
supports a chordates back Cartilage
connective tissue that is more flexible than
bone, and gives support to body
4
Chordate
5
Nerve Cord
Notochord
Slits
Tail
6
Vertebra the bones that make up the backbone of
an animal Ectotherm an animal whose body does
not produce much internal heat (cold-blooded). En
dotherm an animal whose body controls and
regulates its temperature by controlling the
internal heat it produces (warm-blooded).
7
Vertebrates have a backbone that is part of an
endoskeleton. The endoskeleton supports,
protects, and gives shape to the body. Most
fishes, amphibians, and reptiles are
ectotherms. Mammals and birds are
endotherms. What about Dinosaurs?
8
Fossil the preserved remains or traces of an
organism that lived in the past. Fossils are
found primarily in sedimentary rock. Scientists
study fossils to learn about animals that died.
Most of the fossils are of animals that died in
the global flood 4,500 years ago. Sedimentary
Rock a type of rock that forms when particles
from other rocks or the remains of plants and
animals are pressed and cemented together.
9
Evolutionists believe the evidence means
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
The Historical Truth
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
12.2 Fish Fish are vertebrates which live in
water and have fins. Most are ectotherms. Obtain
oxygen through gills. (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
exchange in gill blood vessels) Most use
external fertilization. - Female releases eggs
in the water. - Male spreads a cloud of sperm
over the eggs. Three Major Groups - Jawless
Fish (Lampreys) - Cartilaginous Fish (Sharks,
Rays) - Boney Fish (Trout, Bass, etc)
23
Swim Bladder an organ found in most boney
fishes gas filled sac that stabilizes the fish
at different depths Bouyant force the force
water exerts upward on any object under the
water. If the bouyancy force is greater than
the weight of the object then it floats. If
not, then it sinks. If they are equal, then
the object stays at whatever depth in which is
laying.
24
Sea Lamprey Jawless fish
25
Deep Sea Earthquake

• Created a massive shock wave
• Called a Tsunami (Tidal Wave)
• It forced deep sea creatures up to the surface
  and onto the land

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38

• 12.3 Amphibians
• Examples salamanders, frogs, toads, etc.
• Ectothermic with an endoskeletons
• Amphibian means double-life (land and water)
• Life Cycle Metamorphosis
• Egg (usually laid in water)
• Larvae (in water with gills)
• Adult (on land with lungs)

39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41
blank
42
(No Transcript)
43
12.4 Reptiles Examples snakes, lizards,
turtles, alligators, etc. Ectothermic vertebrate
with lungs and scaly skin. They can spend their
whole life on land - Their eggs, skin, and
kidneys are designed to live mainly on
land Specific Characteristics Snakes no legs,
hinged jaw, poisonous fangs Lizards four legs,
scales Turtles external shell, webbed feet
44
This is what baby Pierre will look like when
he grows up.
45
(No Transcript)
46
Albumen
Embryo
Membrane
Shell
Air Space
Yolk
Membranes
47
(No Transcript)
48
Creation Magnifying the LORD! How does a Gecko
walk on smooth glass? www.lclark.edu/autumn/.....
...
49
Geckos toes sticking to super-smooth
semiconductor glass
50
Varieties of Gecko Feet
51
Gecko hanging upside down from smooth glass
52
One toe from a Gecko
Each pad on each toe has many thousands of Setae
53
Thousands of setae on each toe
54
This is a single, isolated Setal
The tip of the setal, with thousands of spatulae
55
The tips of a few setae
56
The tip of a single setal, showing thousands of
spatulae
57
Thousands of spatulae on each setal
58
A few spatulae from one setae magnified many
times
59
Gods awesome design defies evolution - Each
toe has thousands of setae. - Each setal has
thousands of spatulae. Each spatulae is able to
adhere (stick) to the molecules of any
substance. - Van der Waals forces are the
forces that hold each spatulae to the molecules.
60
Man-made, synthetic adhesive modeled from the
Gecko
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
GatorsTransparent third eyelid gives underwater
protection. 80 teeth 40 top, 40 bottom Teeth
used for grabbing and holding, not for cutting.
Young alligators can replace teeth every year
or so. Mother 'gators care for their young for
up to 2 years. Use feet to keep balance in
water tail to swim fast 4-chambered
heart. Special sense organs on jaws, nose,
around eyes and on upper palate
66
(No Transcript)
67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
Dinosaurs and the Bible? Job 4015 "Look now at
the behemoth, which I made along with you He
eats grass like an ox. 16 See now, his strength
is in his hips, And his power is in his stomach
muscles. 17 He moves his tail like a cedar tree
72
(No Transcript)
73
(No Transcript)
74
Comparing Circulatory Systems (Blood flow)
75
Closed Circulatory Systems (Blood Loops) Fish
(One loop) - Heart to gills to body to
heart Amphibians - Larvae (one loop) - Adult
(two loops) Heart to the lungs and back to
the heart Heart to the body and back to the
heart Reptiles (two loops three chambered
heart) Birds (two loops four chambered
heart) Mammals (two loops four chambered heart)
76
Did reptiles evolve into birds? Evolutionists
claim that they did. They once claimed that
the extinct bird, Archaeopteryx, was an
ancestor of modern birds. But new evidence has
caused even leading evolutionists to stop making
this claim about Archaeopteryx. Yet, your
textbook and others still promote this error.
77
Archaeopteryx Birds of a Feather (Just another
evolutionary error) Their fossils are found in
the same levels as other birds, so they cannot be
an ancestor of birds.
78
Reptile scales could not have become the complex
feathers of birds http//www.answersingenesis.or
g/Docs/1352.asp
79
(No Transcript)
80
(No Transcript)
81
(No Transcript)
82
How are birds adapted for flight? Air sacs help
provide the rich supply of oxygen needed for the
intense activity of flight. Warm air in these
structures add buoyancy to the bird's
body. Contour feathers interlock for smooth,
streamlined shape. Gizzards grind food into a
paste, because birds have no teeth. Heart keeps
oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor
blood, ensuring that blood reaching the tissues
carries the most oxygen possible. Bills or beaks
are adapted to their food supply.
83
The Science of Bird Flight
84
The Best Bird !
85
Mammals
86
Mammal Characteristics 1. Bear live young 
2. Maintain a constant body temperature  (warm
blooded)  3. Differentiated teeth (canines,
incisors, premolars, molars)  4. Will have two
sets of teeth in their life  5. Will have four
limbs (two legs, two arms, fins and flippers)
87
Examples of Animals in the 11 Mammal Groups 1.
Egg-laying (duck-billed platypus, spiny
echidnea) 2. Flying (bat) 3. Toothless
(armadillo, anteater, sloth) 4. Marsupials
(kangaroo, koala, opossum, wallaby) 5.
Carnivores (dog, cat, bear) 6. Insectivores
(mole, shrew, hedgehog) 7. Rodents (mouse,
rat, squirrel, chipmunk, beaver) 8. Ungulates
(cow, sheep, goat, pig, camel, giraffe, deer)
9. Trunk-nosed (elephant) 10. Marine (whale,
dolphin, manatee) 11. Primates (monkey, ape,
lemur, gorilla)
88

• Think of how many new bits of genetic (DNA)
  information makes this mammal able to fly so
  awesomely.
• And dont forget that bats use sonar to fly in
  total darkness!
• Then remember that no mutation ever produces new
  genetic information.
• Therefore, bats must have been created from the
  beginning with the ability to fly.

89
How much new DNA makes this mammal all that it is?
90
Every evolutionists worst nightmare impossible
to explain!
91
(No Transcript)
92
http//pl.atyp.us/platypix/
93
The wolf will lay down with the lamb ?
94
God made man in His Own Image, but then . . . .
95
http//www.christcenteredmall.com/stores/art/duboi
s/invitation.htm