Project Management

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Project Management
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Project Management
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Build this structure
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Build this structure
10 block lengths wide
10 block heights high
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Observations?

• What self-organizing behaviors (if any) did the
  first team use?
• What primary factors determined the length of
  time it took to assemble the structure?
• What was the critical work item that limited the
  speed with which it could be built?
• Is there a faster way to build the structure?

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Build this structure
10 block lengths wide
10 block heights high
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Process to Use
assemble diagonal post
assemble vertical post
1
2
3
start
assemble horizontal bridge
assemble pieces
4
5
done!
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Build this structure
10 block lengths wide
10 block heights high
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Observations?

• Did the second team follow the imposed project
  plan?
• Did the project plan help or hurt?
• What primary factors determined the length of
  time it took to assemble the structure?
• What was the critical work item that limited the
  speed with which it could be built?
• Is there a still faster way to build the
  structure?

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Another Process?
assemble diagonal post
assemble vertical post
1
2
3
assemble pieces
start
done!
first?
assemble horizontal bridge
4
5
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Project Management

• Simple Putting dinner on the table 2 people,
  each preparing a number of dishes, each requiring
  numerous steps which must be executed in an
  orderly fashion

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Project Management

• Complex You have a hardware project with
  hundreds of vendors, each providing dozens of
  components on their own production schedules,
  with inter-relationships among the components in
  how they are to be assembled and tested.
• Example automobile assembly
• Complex You have a software project with
  hundreds of software engineers and quality
  assurance personnel, writing millions of lines of
  code, with inter-relationships among the
  components
• Example modern application (e.g. Microsoft Word)

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Project Management

• For a complex project.
• Which components and/or vendors are most likely
  to cause schedule problems?
• What is the magnitude of the possible schedule
  problem?
• Does any problem threaten the projects
  completion?
• What can be done to minimize the impact of a
  problem?

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Project Management

• The question your boss is most likely to ask
• What can be done to bring-in the schedule?

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Elements of Project Management

• Project team
• Individuals from different departments within
  company
• Matrix organization
• Team structure with members from different
  functional areas depending on skills needed
• Project manager
• Leader of project team

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Project Planning

• Statement of work
• Written description of goals, work time frame
  of project
• Activities require labor, resources time
• Precedence relationship shows sequential
  relationship of project activities

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Elements of Project Planning

• Define project objective(s)
• Identify activities
• Establish precedence relationships
• Make time estimates
• Determine project completion time
• Compare project schedule objectives
• Determine resource requirements to meet objective

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Work Breakdown Structure

• Hierarchical organization of work to be done on a
  project
• Project broken down into modules
• Modules subdivided into subcomponents,
  activities, and tasks
• Identifies individual tasks, workloads, and
  resource requirements

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Work Breakdown Structure
Work Breakdown Structure

• Hierarchical organization of work to be done on a
  project
• Project broken down into modules
• Modules subdivided into subcomponents,
  activities, and tasks
• Identifies individual tasks, workloads, and
  resource requirements

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Project Control

• All activities identified and included
• Completed in proper sequence
• Resource needs identified
• Schedule adjusted
• Maintain schedule and budget
• Complete on time

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A Gantt Chart

• Popular tool for project scheduling
• Graph with bar for representing the time for each
  task
• Provides visual display of project schedule
• Also shows slack for activities
• Amount of time activity can be delayed without
  delaying project

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A Simplified Gantt Chart
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A Simplified Gantt Chart
RED lines indicate mandatory order of events
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A Simplified Gantt Chart
Month
0 2 4 6 8 10

Activity Design house and obtain financing Lay
foundation Order and receive materials Build
house Select paint Select carpet Finish work
Possible slack time of one month
one month
or as late as month 4
Could start as early as month 3
1 3 5 7 9
Month
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A Simplified Gantt Chart
Items that could be specified earlier
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CPM/PERT

• Critical Path Method (CPM)
• DuPont Remington-Rand (1956)
• Deterministic task times
• Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)
• US Navy, Booz, Allen Hamilton
• Multiple task time estimates

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The Project Network

• Network consists of branches nodes

Node
1
3
2
Branch
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Project Network

• Nodes are numbered in sequential order, typically
  left-to-right
• Branch is a work item, with time required

Node
Design House 12 weeks
1
3
2
Branch
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Project Network for a House
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Project Network for a House With Work Times (in
months)
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Concurrent Activities
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Critical Path

• A path is a sequence of connected activities
  running from start to end node in network
• The critical path is the path with the longest
  duration in the network
• Project cannot be completed in less than the
  time of the critical path

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How many possible paths (left-to-right) are
there?
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The Critical Path

• Path Length
• A 1-2-3-4-6-73 2 0 3 1 9 months
• B 1-2-3-4-5-6-73 2 0 1 1 1 8 months
• C 1-2-4-6-73 1 3 1 8 months
• D 1-2-4-5-6-73 1 1 1 1 7 months

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The Critical Path

• A 1-2-3-4-6-73 2 0 3 1 9 months
• B 1-2-3-4-5-6-73 2 0 1 1 1 8 months
• C 1-2-4-6-73 1 3 1 8 months
• D 1-2-4-5-6-73 1 1 1 1 7 months

Critical Path
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The Critical Path
3
Lay foundation
Dummy
Finish work
Build house
2
0
3
1
3
1
Design house and obtain financing
Order and receive materials
1
1
Select carpet
Select paint
5

• A 1-2-3-4-6-73 2 0 3 1 9 months
• B 1-2-3-4-5-6-73 2 0 1 1 1 8 months
• C 1-2-4-6-73 1 3 1 8 months
• D 1-2-4-5-6-73 1 1 1 1 7 months

Critical Path
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Reduced version of Gantt Chart for building a
home
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Four months later

• In the construction project

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Postal Office Letter Package Sorting

• How many paths are there?
• What is the longest path item (critical path)?
• How long is it?

READ Zip?
1 second
Manual READ
20 seconds
SORT
Letter Package
10 seconds
READ Zip?
20 seconds
Manual READ
60 seconds
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Floral Shop

• A floral shop has two employees, the florist and
  a clerk. When a phone order comes in, the clerk
  spends 3 minutes taking the order, passes it off
  to the florist, and then spends 5 minutes
  verifying the credit card while the floral
  arrangement is made. The florist spends 3
  minutes cutting, then 9 minutes arranging the
  flowers.
• Draw the flow diagram
• What is the critical path of filling an order?
• How long does an order take?

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Floral Shop
Clerk in white, florist in blue
3 mins
9 mins
Cut flowers
Arrange flowers
Take order
Credit card
3 mins
5 mins
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Problem 1 Floral Shop
3 mins
9 mins
Cut flowers
Arrange flowers
Take order
Credit card
3 mins
5 mins
Critical path order?cut?arrange
Order time 339 15 minutes
capacity 1 order/15 minutes 4 orders/hour
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Problem 1 Floral Shop
3 mins
9 mins
Cut flowers
Arrange flowers
Take order
Credit card
3 mins
5 mins
Critical path order?cut?arrange
capacity 1 order/15 minutes 4 orders/hour
How might we speed up floral orders?
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Problem 1 Floral Shop
3 mins
9 mins
Cut flowers
Arrange flowers
Take order
Credit card
3 mins
Assist in arranging
5 mins
helpTime
If Clerk helps in arrangements (helpTime
minutes) florist time 3 (9
helpTime) clerk 3 5 helpTime
Optimal utilization is when both spend equal
time 3 9 - helpTime 8 helpTime ? 12 - HT
8 HT Or helpTime 2 minutes
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Team Project

• After HTM302 today, Meredith must
• meet with her team, Bill and Mary, in the Library
  for 1 hour
• then write her section of a report (1 hour)
• while she is writing her section, Bills section
  is being written (2 hours)
• after both sections are completed, Mary must
  assemble and finalize the report (1 hour)
• then Mary must email report to the instructor (5
  minutes)
• Draw the network diagram and find the critical
  path

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Team Project

• Critical path Meet ? Bill writes ? Mary
  assembles ? Mary emails
• Path length 4 hours 5 minutes

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Critical Path

• The critical path not only tells us how long the
  project will take, it also tells us which work
  items are on the critical path
• If critical path items are late, the project will
  be late
• If critical path items can be completed early, it
  may be possible to shorten the project schedule
• The project manager should monitor and analyze
  the critical path items to ensure timely
  completion

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Critical Path

• Analysis of the critical path is done by looking
  at the
• Earliest possible start times
• Latest possible start times
• Earliest possible finish times
• Latest possible finish times
• of each work item as well as the work personnel
  and resources assigned to each

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Team Project

• What is the
• Earliest start time for Bill and Merediths
  writing?
• Earliest start time for Marys assembly?
• Do either Bill or Meredith have any slack time?
• How might we speed up the project completion?

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The Critical Path
Activity Start Times
4 Start at 5 months
2
0
3
1
3
1
1
2 Can start at 3 months
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Informal feedback

• Write a 2 minute journal to be handed in
  immediately
• The journal should briefly summarize
• Major points learned
• Areas not understood or requiring clarification