Sin ttulo de diapositiva

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SMALL SCALE WOOD COGENERATION IN THE DELTA
REGION OF BUENOS AIRES ARGENTINA
This is the presentation of the first part of our
project. Which shows the potential resources
that the forestry sector has in the region, for
using as energy vector
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ODOBEZ NORBERTO S.TORRES JOSÉ L. GARCÍA EBBENS
CARLOS A. Technological National University
Regional Delta Faculty Centre of ID in Energy
and Environment CIDEA San Martín 1171 Campana
(2804) Buenos Aires Argentina TE.
0054-3489-420400 Int. 111- E-mailodobezn_at_frd.utn
.edu.ar www.frd.utn.edu.ar/cidea/cidea.htm
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TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF THE COMPLETE PROJECT

• First part
• We will carry out a detailed analysis the
  residues of a forest harvest in islands of Delta
  of Parana River.
• The different residues of woody characteristics
  will be classified.
• The woody surpluses will be quantified both the
  forest harvest as pruning in plantations of
  willows and poplars.
• The form of manipulation will be studied, loads
  and transport up to the place of treatment of
  woody residues to be use as fuel.

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• Second part
• The heating power of the woody residues will be
  measured in different times of the year.
• Shape of the woody residues and its preparation
  to be transformed into gas.
• An equipment to generate gas from woody residues
  will be designed and developed.
• The generated gas will be used to feed an engine
  of internal combustion which is joined to an
  electrical generator. The engine and the
  generator are of national manufacture in series,
  which will have to be adapted for its
  functioning.This system will have a power of
  generation of approximately 3kVA to 5kVA in the
  research beginning.
• This capacity of feeding with electric power that
  will allow to satisfy demands in isolated zones,
  turning the technological transference into a
  small energetic decentralised mobile generator.

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TRANSFERENCE EXPECTED FROM THE RESULTS To
generate elements to shape a base of information
on woody resources, manipulation of woody
sub-products and opportunities of local and
regional development. To be alert on business
opportunities To contribute to the
metal-mechanic sector on the feasibility of
developing national equipment in series, promoted
with biomass as fuel and/or agreements of
complement with companies manufacturers of the
exterior, who are interested in realising the
above mentioned technological link. To
contribute to the environmental sector in the
gases mitigation of greenhouse effect (GEI), by
means of the function of the forests, the
resource-ground and destiny of woody sub-products
as fuel, which achieves reductions of CO2, on
having replaced the engines promoted by fossil
fuel. To allow the social progress, and in that
way to mitigate the exodus of the rural
inhabitants towards the big cities, generating
new working places in the place where one finds
the resource. To allow the energetic
development, which will activate the development
of MicroSMEs, which will tend to the manufacture
of prime local matters depending on new markets,
it means that with a minimal investment, we will
achieve the maximum benefits due to the
importance of sustainable development of the
resources.
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THE PROJECT LOCATION
The project location is in the Delta of the
Paraná River, specifically in the insular area
of Zarate and Campana parties, Province of Buenos
Aires, known the rivers as Delta of the Paraná.
It is surrounded by the rivers Parana de las
Palmas y Parana Guazu to 100 km away from Buenos
Aires, Capital of Argentina, and with an urban
area of 15,000,000 persons.
It is an homogeneous area, not strongly
inhabitad, with a surface of about 17500 Km2. It
is a atypical area inserted like a wedge in the
surrounding sectors. The Delta del Parana is a
land with a permanent growth due to the continuos
sedimentation, with flat lands and high areas. It
has a high fertility.
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Zárate, 556Km2
Campana, 664Km2
The Parana de las Palmas river begins at the
kilometre 231 of Guazu river and discharges into
de la Plata river, after a sinuous way of 125
Km. The election of the place is based for being
inside the zone of influence of our University,
with navigable exit to overseas port ,
elementary school of island and own conditions of
the area for the activities to develop and needs
that it demonstrates that they can be solved with
this project.
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• SOCIAL ASPECTS
• The Delta is characterized by presenting a low
  population density, less than 5 inhabitants every
  100 ha.

• More than the 80 of the people inhabiting the
  islands have a family members average number of
  3.5 persons per family. The population according
  to sex reveals a high preponderance of men, due
  to the fact that immigration from neighboring
  countries is something common in the region.

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POPULATION ACTIVITY
In relation to the activity done by the active
population in the working world of the Delta, it
is distributed as follows 68 in the
agricultural and forest sector, the 7 in
industry and the 25 in trade and
self-employment service.

• Almost all employment is in the primary
  occupation sector, the private sector occupies
  almost a 90 of the active population, and the
  rest in public offices.
• The infrastructure of hospitals, primary and
  secondary schools exceeds the required demand.

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TRADITIONAL SILVICULTURE
After the soil has been drained, the land
transforms into fields with a high content of
usable humified organic matter conferring it a
lot of fertility and make it especially apt for
the forest cultivation based on species tolerant
to conditions of excessive humidity, as for
example the salicaceous plants. In the lowest
places different willow clones are planted and
the poplars are put in the ridges.
As the Delta suffers from periodic flooding
caused by the rise of the River Plate and the
swellings of the Uruguay and Paraná River, in
certain circumstances and in areas affected by
flooding perimetrical dams are built that
according to their shape can be called
atajarrepunte (a defence for small swellings)
when they arent higher than 1.5m , or simply
dams when they are bigger.
But the most interesting forestry fundamentation
for the producer when he constructs dams, is that
it allows him to increase significantly the areas
destined to the cultivation of land poplars in
areas of transition between low and high.
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FOREST PRODUCTION COST In consideration of the
different alternatives of forest production we
can express their yields and costs in the
following picture. Production of wood at the
age of 12 Cost in Foot
() Case 1 (70 Poplar and 30 Willow) 350
ton/ha 19/ton Case 2 (40 Poplar
and 60 Willow) 300 ton/ha
16/ton Case 3 (10 Poplar and 90 Willow) 250
ton/ha 14/ton () This value is
increased in 10 to prepared it as wood in plump.
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EVALUATION OF THE LOGGING RESIDUE
For the evaluation of the logging residue which
stay in the land, after the forest harvest,
parcels of 2m x12m were marked at random since
the cultivation are 2mx3m out of an original
afforestation carried out in 1969 and that has
been harvested 3 times since the salicaceas have
the particularity of sprouting again. Other
parcels of the same clone of nonflooded zones
were analysed, choosing the average.
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COLLECTION OF ALL THE MATERIAL
The collection of all the material that was in
the ground was made, being taken and transported
for its later natural drying and its evaluation,
and besides the material adhered to the ground,
not harvested in the forest harvest. Was also
measured.
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The different observations and quantification of
the logging residues, showed the following
considerations and data Fine branches Heavy
Branches Stumps topped of the ground Pieces
with the wrong shape (twisted stems) Pieces
rotten or soaked up Hooks or pieces with branches
that affect the cylindrical form of the
piece Forks and Stumps adhered to the ground
Therefore the remainder material never is
uniform due to a)turns or harvests, since
the salicaseas sprout again and the same foot is
used during 5 turns and sometimes more. b)type
of clone or variety c)type of ecological zone
of plantation d)type of conduction of the
forestry
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The amounts obtained in the average parcel, can
be classified according to their type and size in
the following way
Type of Material
Amount (kg) Soaked
up 3.30 Fine Branches
1.08 Branches diameter average 1
4.34 Branches diameter average 11/2
3.69 Branches diameter average 2 ½
6.75 Branches diameter average 3
9.30 Cut Stump (it frees) 6.48 Stump
adhered to ground (2 Stocks) 34.00 63.50
Total ...........................................
.............................. 132.44
Tabla 1
The weighing was made soon after of 20days airing
since part of the material was extracted from a
totally flooded field. The total of the
considered material obtained as remainder is of
132,44Kg The material by hectare would be
24m2-132.44 Kg/10000m2 55138Kg 55tn/ha
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IN ORDER TO MAKE AN AMPLE CLASSIFICATION OF THE
PRODUCTS WE CAN SAY THAT.
Table 2
The last harvest gave an approximately quantity
of 205tn/ha staying as woody residues 55tn/ha,
which give as a total 27.
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DETERMINATION OF HUMID PERCENTAGE OF LOGGING
RESIDUE
Sample Initial weigh Final weigh Difference
Humid percentage () 1 205,03
183,25 21,78
10,62 2 204,21 183,17
21,04 10,30 3
581,45 481 100,45
17,27 4 83,74 75,49
8,25 9,85
Tabla 3
As we can observe the values of humidity found
are within the suitable parameters to be able to
be used in a gas generator system.
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Steps of the normal process of forest harvest for
the production of raw material to the manufacture
of paper
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COMPOSITION OF THE COSTS OF THE WOOD OF
SALICACEAS FOR MANUFACTURING PAPER.
Table 4
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COSTS OF OBTAINING THE LOGGING RESIDUE TO BE
USED AS FUEL
The ligneous by-product of the forest will be
extracted after of the main material extraction,
for that they will be used the same extraction
mechanisms, such as decauville rail or tractors
with trailers, adapted to contain non pile
logging residue material, the trailer container
will remove it in shape.
Tabla 5
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CLASSIFICATION OF THE NECESSITIES OF ELECTRICAL
CONSUMPTION
According to our previous studies a
classification of the necessities of the
electrical consumption that are required in the
insular sector can be done, according to the
following scheme 1) From 3kVA to 5kVA for
simple house or health centre 2) From 5kVA to
10kVA for familiar using with some activity of
microenterprises. pg. (fish storing) 3) From
10kVA to 30kVA for groups of families with some
activity PYME using / rural School 4) From
30kVA to 150kVA for enterprises PYME using. pg.
(sawed)
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STUDY OF CASE
The provision of Electrical Energy is made by the
enterprise which equipment of 30kVA fed with
diesel oil that works 10hs per day from Monday to
Saturday
The costs of the fuel for the equipment are the
same as in the continent. They are considered
in0,6/litre for the Diesel oil. Ref February
2002 1U2,2
Comparing costs with the present generator of
30kVA we can say that Consumption according to
data of the operator of 4lts/h and working (not
to total load aprox. 55) 10hs/day, this implies
an annual fuel cost of 7200/year, if the
equipment worked to total load during the same
time, the annual fuel cost will be
12440/year. For the case of a gas generator
system that consumes 2kg/kW.h of logging residue
as fuel cost of 15/tn, for the same maxim
power,it would give an annual cost 2592/year.
It is due to clarify that it has not included in
any case the amortisation costs, the maintenance
of the producing and generating equipment. In
this case there is a simple comparison to have an
initial comparative value of the potentiality of
the use of this resource to replace the fossil
fuel.
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Table of comparison of consumption for different
powers
a)For calculation it was considered the maximun
power in each case. b)It was considered 50 more
consumption than the specified in gas generator
of proved technology h)This clasification comes
from . Table 6 The purpose of these
calculations, let us determine the different
quantities of residues to manipulate both in ton
and ha. necessary for the different power that is
estimated to be used.
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WE CAN COME FOLLOWING CONSIDERATIONS
For case Nº1 will be for the one of a family
type of the Delta, its annual resource would be
satisfied with an annual harvesting of 3.2ha of
small material .(With manual preparation
treatment, similar that is used in traditional
firewood cooker) The enterprises produces
55,000t/years of wood for paper pulp,it is
equivalent to 14,850 t/years of logging residues
for using as fuel. Making a macro
projection for the zone of project Zarate
-Campana, with 50 of the insular surface forest
61,000ha, will have 129,407t/years of logging
residue for fuel.
This stage let us Determinate exactly the
logging residue percentage (27) Quantify the
logging residue, according to its size, for the
better orientation to use as fuel