Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union

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Sectional Conflict and Shattered Union

• Chapter 14

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After Election of 1848

• Whig Party fragments
• Know-Nothing Party - secretive
• Anti-immigrant
• Anti-Catholic
• Slavery diversion from other issues
• Others saw a threat to society
• Evangelical women
• A voice on issues

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Role of Women

• Influence in western movement
• Declaration of Sentiments - Seneca Falls, NY
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Lucretia Mott
• Signers

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Developments out West

• January 24, 1848 - James Marshall
• Building a mill on American River
• Unnoticed when in paper in March
• May 1848 - Sam Brennan
• Carried gold dust in San Francisco
• California Gold Rush

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California Gold Rush

• People rushed west
• San Francisco
• 1848 - 800 people
• 1849 - 50,000 people
• 1852 - 34,776 people
• Harsh/hazardous conditions
• One in five miners dead within six months
• Applies for statehood in 1850

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Complications

• Missouri Compromise
• Defining line in middle of California
• Only applied to Louisiana Purchase
• Wilmot Proviso
• Issue of slavery had been series of compromises
• More territory - no definitive policy

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Search for an Answer

• Henry Clay - Missouri Compromise
• Omnibus bill - covers all
• California free state
• Popular sovereignty to settle slavery
• Texas border and debt
• End slave trade in Washington D.C.
• Stronger fugitive slave law
• After months of debate - fails

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Compromise of 1850

• Stephen A. Douglas - IL
• Separate bills
• Compromise of 1850 - September
• No side happy
• Not a final answer - delays solution
• Slavery will become lingering question in
  anything involving the west

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Growth

• North
• More industrial than agricultural
• Steam power
• Most of rail lines
• South
• Agricultural
• Limited rail lines

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Technological Innovations

• John Deere - need plow for heavy soils
• Wooden plow not good
• Steel plow
• Cyrus McCormick - harvest same since Biblical
  times
• Mechanical reaper
• One worker does work of fourteen
• Farmers produce more
• Cash crops

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Other Changes

• Immigration changes cities
• 1820-1830 - 151,000
• 1830-1840 - 600,000
• 1840-1850 - 1.5 million
• Textile industry creates demand for cotton

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Friction

• Concern about Slave Power
• Dominance of South over other regions
• Harriet Beecher Stowe fuels the issue
• Uncle Toms Cabin
• "So this is the little lady who made this big
  war."
• Brings slavery to the forefront

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Election of 1852

• Whigs - President Millard Fillmore
• Choose instead Gen Winfield Scott
• Democrats - open field
• Lewis Cass - MI
• Stephen A. Douglas - IL
• James Buchanan - PA
• Franklin Pierce - NH - nominee

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Results

• Whigs divide over issues
• Democrats have some Free-Soil Party members
• Results
• Pierce - 254
• Scott - 42
• Hale - no electoral votes

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National Policies

• Aggressive nationalism - manifest destiny
• Railroad to the west
• Southern route - James Gadsden
• Fear of Slave Power
• Northern route - Stephen Douglas
• Issue of Indians lands
• Nebraska Territory created
• Ostend Manifesto

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Kansas-Nebraska Act Reaction

• Opponents to Act - Ripon, WI
• Republican Party
• Each side of slavery question moved to Kansas
• Fraudulent vote?
• Bleeding Kansas
• Senator Charles Sumner-MA

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Election of 1856

• Republicans drawing from opponents to slavery -
  John C. Fremont
• Know-nothings draw on immigration - Fillmore
• Split group called Know-Somethings
• Democrats dumped Pierce and tried to balance the
  ticket - Buchanan - PA

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Results

• Buchanan - 174
• Fremont - 114
• Fillmore - 8

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Slavery Goes to Court

• Slave Dred Scott moved to Illinois
• Anti-slavery people file law suit
• Having moved to non-slave state made Dred Scott
  free
• Appeal to Supreme Court - Roger B. Taney
• Slaves property - no petition
• Congress no authority to limit slavery
• Missouri Compromise voided

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Illinois Senate Campaign

• Candidates - 1858
• Stephen A. Douglas
• Abraham Lincoln
• Lincoln/Douglas Debates
• Freeport Doctrine
• Slavery needed local law protection
• Opponents pass local laws to keep slavery out

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Other Developments

• Debate of labor
• Chattel slavery or wage slavery
• Attempts to stimulate slave revolt
• John Brown
• Sectionalism strong
• Abolish slavery, contain slavery, continue
  slavery
• Slave Power?

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Election of 1860

• Republicans - Abraham Lincoln
• Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men
• Northern Democrats - Stephen Douglas
• Southern Democrats - John C. Breckinridge
• Constitutional-Union - John Bell

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Campaign of 1860

• Lincoln not on ballot in ten southern states
• Republican Platform
• Limit slavery expansion
• No end on slavery where it existed
• Higher tariffs
• Internal improvements and public lands
• Douglas campaigns in the South
• Tried to ally with Constitutional Unionist Party

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Results

• Presidential Election
• Lincoln - 180
• Douglas - 12
• Breckinridge - 73
• Bell - 39
• Republicans control the House

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After Election

• Southerners imagined the worst
• Lincoln had called slavery immoral - 1858
• President Buchanan - no action
• Senator Crittenden - permanent amendments
• Extend Missouri Compromise line
• Forbid slavery north of line
• Compensation for runaway slaves

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Secession

• History
• Hartford Convention
• Concern about slave power
• Nullification crisis
• South Carolina first (Dec 20, 1860)
• Mississippi - 9 Jan 1861
• Florida - 10 Jan
• Alabama - 11 Jan
• Georgia - 19 Jan
• Louisiana - 26 Jan
• Texas - 1 Feb

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Creating Another Govt

• Montgomery, AL - Feb 4, 1861
• Ratify Constitution Mar 11, 1861
• Three states put issue to vote
• TX - 34,794 (Y) - 11,255 (N)- Feb 23
• VA - 96,750 (Y) - 32,134 (N) - May 23
• TN - 104,913 (Y) - 47, 238 (N) - Jun 8
• Large Unionist sentiment in NC, VA, TN

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Taking Action

• South Carolina first to seize federal forts - Dec
  30, 1861
• GA, AL, FL, LA, AR, TX follow
• Charleston, SC federal troops withdraw to Fort
  Sumter
• Attempt to supply 9 Jan 1861
• Another attempt April 1861
• April 12, 1861 - Forces fire on Ft Sumter
• War begins

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The Others

• Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers - Apr 15
• Calling it an invasion others secede
• VA - 17 Apr
• AR - 6 May
• TN - 7 May
• NC - 20 May

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Border States

• Delaware - Jun 3 - legislature rejects
• Maryland - divided
• MA regiment attacked in Baltimore
• Rail lines north of Baltimore cut
• State and local officials arrested
• Kentucky - accepts neutrality - May 20
• Missouri - governor favors secession
• Martial law
• Guerilla warfare - Jayhawkers

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Summary

• Compromise tried but failed
• Gradualism changes to abolition
• Impression versus reality
• Lincoln inherited a divided nation
• Change in administrations hampers action
• The fight begins
• Will people die for slavery?