Chapter 17, Section 2

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Chapter 17, Section 2

• The Rise Of Dictatorial Regimes

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The Rise of Dictators

• By 1939
• France and Great Britain still Democratic
• Soviet Union, Germany, and many others have
  become dictatorships.
• A Totalitarian State
• A government that aims to control the political,
  economic, social, intellectual, and cultural
  lives of its people.
• Used mass propaganda and new technology
• Led by a single leader and a single party
• Traded individual freedom for the collective will
  of the masses.

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Fascism in Italy

• Benito Mussolini
• Created the League of Combat
• Fascio di combattimento
• Fascism
• Emphasizes a strong central government, lead by a
  dictatorial ruler. People are controlled by the
  government and anyone who disagrees is dealt with
  in force.

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• Fascism on the rise
• Mussolini grows out of the hardships caused by
  WWI
• Creates a group called the Squadristi
• Italians feared that there would be a Socialist
  revolution or a Communist takeover
• The Squadristi use violence to fight against
  socialist ideas
• They demand more land for Italy and this gains
  the support through patriotism and nationalism

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Takeover of Government and the Fascist State

• either we are allowed to govern or we will seize
  power
• King Victor Emmanuel III gives over power
• Outlaw all other political parties and establish
  secret police OVRA
• Il Duce
• Brainwashing the population
• Media - Mussolini is always right

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• Youth Groups
• Portrayed families as the center of society
• Women were born to be homemakers
• Failures of Mussolini
• Never gained total control
• Compromise with the Catholic church
• Lanteran Accords
• Established the Vatican City as an independent
  area for the church
• The Church recognized and promoted the catholic
  state

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A New Era for the Soviet Union

• Communist under Lenin
• After WWI peasants begin to sabotage the
  Communist system
• Lenins NEP (New Economic Policy)
• Peasants and merchants could sell products
  openly, but industry, banking, and mining were
  still controlled by the government
• 1922, Russia becomes the U.S.S.R.
• This combination of policies from Lenin saved the
  Soviet Union from economic crisis.

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Shift from Lenin to Stalin

• Lenin dies in 1922
• Politburo had been the policy making body of
  the Communist party, becomes divided.
• The two strongest groups were lead by Leon
  Trotsky and Joseph Stalin
• Stalin had a position which allowed him to
  appoint officials
• Appoints thousands of supporters
• Trotsky is expelled from the party in 1927
• http//www.dpcamps.org/stalin.jpg

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Stalins 5-Year Plans

• 1928 Ends the NEP and implements his first 5
  Year Plan
• Maximum production of capital goods and weapons
• Huge increases in production were made
• Came at the cost of low wages and extremely poor
  living conditions for workers. Laws even limited
  where workers could move.
• Collectivization Government owned all of the
  land and peasants worked on it.

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Costs of Stalins Program

• 10 million peasants die in 1932 and 1933
• Great Purge of the 1930s
• In his desire for power, Stalin arrested 8
  million Russians and sent many to labor camps in
  Siberia
• Extreme restrictions on the lifestyles of the
  people.

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Authoritarian States in the West

• Authoritarianism
• Adopt some features of totalitarianism (police
  force), but focus on preserving society rather
  than reinventing it
• Most countries established democracies after WWI
• These systems are largely replaced

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Reasons Democracy Failed

• No tradition of Democracy
• Rural and Agrarian Societies
• Uneducated peasants
• Ethnic and Religious conflicts
• Fear of revolution made authoritarian systems
  logical because they would maintain the old system

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Spain

• Francisco Franco Lead a military attack on the
  Democratic government.
• Caused a bloody Civil War
• Italy and Germany aid Franco
• The Soviet Union aids the government
• Franco wins the war by capturing Madrid in 1939
• He then established a dictatorship
• Favored traditional groups like landowners,
  businesspeople, and the Catholic church.
• Makes him authoritarian rather than totalitarian

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17.3 Hitler and Nazi Germany

• Hitlers Background and Views
• Born in Austria
• Performed poorly in school and moved to Vienna to
  pursue art
• Hero during WWI-wounded as a messenger
• 3 Beliefs
• Racism (especially anti-Semitism)
• Extreme nationalism (political parties could
  effectively use propaganda and fear)
• Need for struggle

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Joins the German Workers Party

• Quickly takes control and renamed it the National
  Socialist German Workers Party
• The Beer Hall Putsch
• Hitler tried to overtake the government but was
  caught
• Sentenced to jail time and wrote Mein Kampf while
  in jail

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Mein Kampf

• Sooner will a camel pass through a needles eye
  than a great man be discovered by an election.
• The broad masses of a population are more
  amenable to the appeal of rhetoric than to any
  other force.
• Never forget that the most sacred right on this
  earth is mans right to have the earth to till
  with his own hands, the most sacred sacrifice the
  blood that a man sheds for this earth.
• Those who want to live, let them fight, and those
  who do not want to fight in this world of eternal
  struggle do not deserve to live.
• Any alliance whose purpose is not the intention
  to wage war is senseless and useless.
• The Jews life as a parasite in the body of other
  nations and states explains a characteristic
  which once caused Schopenhauer, as has already
  been mentioned, to call him the 'great master in
  lying.

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Nazis on the Rise

• Hitler released from prison, increased the
  popularity of the Nazi party
• It became the largest party in the Reichstag
  (German parliament)
• Promised a New Germany
• Appealed to the masses, had large numbers of
  followers

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Nazism is Successful

• President Hindenburg gives control over to Hitler
  in order to prevent a Communist takeover
• Hitler completely controls Germany
• March 23, 1933 Enabling Act
• Gave the government the power to ignore the
  Constitution for 4 years
• Opposition placed in concentration camps and all
  other political parties dissolved
• Hindenburg dies and Hitler becomes the Führer

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Nazi Control

• Fought for complete control by the Aryan race
• Third Reich
• First Holy Roman Empire
• Second German Empire 1871-1918
• Pursued this through totalitarianism
• Total control/power

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State of Terror

• Schutzstaffeln
• (SS)
• Originally Hitlers bodyguards
• Then used to maintain order
• Led by Heinrich Himmler, lead all police forces
  in Germany and ensured Nazi Rule
• 2 Main Goals
• Terror through repression and murder (secret
  police, criminal police, concentration camps,
  later execution squads and death camps)
• Ideology- further the Aryan race

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Economics

• Public works projects, grants, and re-armament
  pull Germany from the Great Depression
• Unemployment in 1932 6 million
• In 1934 2.6 million
• In 1937 less than 500,000

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Organizations

• Nuremberg Party Rallies every September
• Evoked mass enthusiasm and excitement
• Nazis controlled education and churches
• Professional organizations and leagues formed for
  civil servants, teachers, women, farmers,
  doctors, lawyers
• Also youth organizations to teach Nazi
  ideals-Hitlers Youth

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Women

• Seen as the bearers of the children who would
  bring triumph to the Aryan race
• Pushed to stay out of work
• Those who did work went into nursing or social
  work

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Anti-Semitism

• Nuremberg laws no citizenship, no intermarriage,
  and forced Jews to wear the Star of David
• Kristallnacht night of shattered glass
• Nazis burned synagogues and businesses
• Sent 30,000 Jews to concentration camps
• Barred from public services

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Led to More Drastic Steps

• Jews barred from all public transportation and
  all public buildings including hospitals and
  schools
• Prohibited from owning, managing, or working in
  any retail store
• Forced to clean up all debris and damage due to
  Kristallnacht
• Encouraged to emigrate from Germany under
  direction of the SS