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1
Section 1-1
The Cold War Begins
Main Idea
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged
from World War II deeply distrustful of each
other and with conflicting visions for the
future. ?
Vocabulary
  • containment ?
  • cold war

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2
Section 1-2
The Cold War Begins
Read to Find Out . . .
  • the events that led to Soviet domination in
    Eastern Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the
    Marshall Plan. ?
  • how ideological differences between the Soviet
    Union and the United States fueled the cold war.

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3
Section 1-3
In evaluating his presidency, Harry S Truman
said History will remember my term of office as
the years when the cold war began to overshadow
our lives.
4
Section 1-4
An Iron Curtain Falls
  • At the heart of the Allied alliance stood the
    United States and the Soviet Uniontwo nations
    bound together by a common enemy and mutual
    distrust of each other. When the war ended, the
    Soviets and the Americans looked at the world
    through different eyes. ?
  • The Soviets saw awful destruction. Nothing was
    more important to them than protecting their
    nation from a rearmed Germany and rebuilding
    their shattered economy.

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5
Section 1-5
An Iron Curtain Falls (cont.)
  • The Americans, on the other hand, saw a booming
    economy and a thriving democracy. Many Americans
    felt they had a mission to build a free world,
    with the United States leading the way.

6
Section 1-8
In Stalins view, possession of a ring of
pro-Soviet satellite nations such as Poland was
not a question of honor for Russia, but one of
life and death. What may have prompted this
comment?
Soviet leaders felt they needed a ring of buffer
nations along their western border to protect
Russia against future attacks.
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display the answer.
7
Section 1-9
Turning Point at Yalta
  • Near the end of the war, the Big Three
    Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalinmet at the
    Soviet city of Yalta to work out control of the
    postwar world. ?
  • At Yalta, Stalin agreed to support the United
    Nations and to join the fight against Japan after
    Germany surrendered. In exchange, Stalin would
    receive territories in Asia.

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8
Section 1-10
Turning Point at Yalta (cont.)
  • When agreement broke down over Germany and
    Eastern Europe, the three leaders agreed to joint
    control of Germany until a commission could
    settle the issue of war payments. With war still
    raging in the Pacific, Roosevelt and Churchill
    had little choice but to accept Soviet occupation
    of Eastern Europe.

9
Section 1-11
Turning Point at Yalta (cont.)
  • Roosevelt felt confident that he could win
    Stalins trust and convince him to relax his iron
    grip on Eastern Europe. However, he died before
    he had a chance to test this belief.

10
Section 1-13
How did the Soviets take power in Eastern Europe?
Soviet armies occupied Eastern Europe on their
march into Germany. With the war still raging in
the Pacific, Roosevelt and Churchill had no means
of forcing Stalin to give up control of the
region.
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display the answer.
11
Section 1-14
Truman Comes to Power
  • Truman, who had little international experience
    when he assumed the presidency, stepped forward
    to support formation of the United Nations and to
    resolve control of Germany.

12
Section 1-15
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)
  • Truman assumed a get-tough attitude at Potsdam
    that would become a trademark of his cold war
    diplomacy. Despite this attitude, the leaders
    worked out an agreement to carve Germany and the
    capital of Berlin into four zones controlled by
    France, Great Britain, the United States, and the
    Soviet Union. Each occupying nation would take
    war payments from its zone.

13
Section 1-15
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)
14
Section 1-15
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)
  • As Trumans and Stalins mistrust of one another
    grew, they began to see the world as divided into
    two campsone dominated by capitalism, the other
    by communism. ?
  • In 1946 Stalin declared that capitalism was a
    danger to world peace. Truman responded by
    adopting the policy of containment suggested by
    George Kennan. Churchill added fuel to the fire
    with his iron curtain speech and urged a show
    of strength against the Soviets.

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15
Section 1-16
Do you think Roosevelt could have negotiated more
effectively with Stalin had he lived?
Possible answer AgreeRoosevelt had managed to
force compromises out of Stalin in the past.
Disagree Stalin had refused to back down on
Germany and Eastern Europe in talks with
Roosevelt at Yalta.
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display a possible answer.
16
Section 1-17
Cold War Is Declared
  • The start of the cold war marked a long struggle
    in which the United States and Soviet Union would
    try to block each others goals around the world,
    using all tactics short of all-out war.

17
Section 1-18
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
  • The first test of containment came in Greece and
    Turkey, which Truman believed might soon fall
    under Communist influence. To prevent Communist
    takeovers, he proposed a plan to provide military
    and economic aid to all free people who were
    resisting attempted subjugation by armed
    minorities or outside pressures. ?
  • The so-called Truman Doctrine defined United
    States foreign policy for the next 20 years. The
    cold war was not just a struggle for territory
    but a fight between two opposing world views.

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18
Section 1-18
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
  • To prevent the Communists from making gains in
    war-torn Europe, the United States implemented
    the Marshall Plan, named after Secretary of State
    George Marshall. The plan provided massive
    amounts of financial aid to help European nations
    rebuild their infrastructures and economies.

19
Section 1-18
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
  • The Soviet Union, which was included in the
    Marshall Plan, rejected the aid. Because the
    money had to be spent on American goods, Soviet
    leaders charged that the aid strengthened United
    States capitalism at the expense of European
    freedom.

20
Section 1-18
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
21
Section 1-19
What economic reasons did the United States have
for stopping the spread of communism?
The United States wanted to have free access to
the markets of the world.
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22
Section 1-20
Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show how
differing world views paved the way for a cold
war between the United States and Soviet Union.
23
Section 1-21
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
b a
__ 1. the United States-Soviet conflict that
followed World War II in which the two powers
avoided military confrontation but opposed each
others political and economic goals __ 2. after
Wold War II, the United States policy of securing
the peace by trying to contain communism, or keep
it from expanding beyond its current borders
a. containment b. cold war
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display the answers.
24
Section 1-23
Checking Facts
What was the toll taken in Russian life and
property during World War II? Which six Eastern
European nations did Stalin demand control over
at Yalta?
More than 20 million died, and 25 million lost
their homes and livelihood. Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
were the six nations Stalin demanded control over.
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display the answer.
25
Section 1-24
Checking Facts
Describe the commitment of the United States to
rebuild Europe as part of the Marshall Plan.
The United States pledged billions of dollars to
European reconstruction.
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display the answer.
26
Section 1-25
Critical Thinking
Making Comparisons Why did the Soviets prefer
Roosevelts style of diplomacy to Trumans?
Truman dealt with the Soviets from a position of
distrust. Roosevelt wanted to work with the
Soviets.
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display the answer.
27
End of Section 1
28
Section 2-1
The Cold War Deepens
Main Idea
Both the Soviets and Chinese Communists tested
the United States policy of containment,
triggering a dangerous arms race and the Korean
War. ?
Vocabulary
  • land reform ?
  • limited war
  • arms race ?

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29
Section 2-2
The Cold War Deepens
Read to Find Out . . .
  • the causes of the Berlin blockade and the
    Communist takeover of China and the effect of
    each event on United States foreign policy. ?
  • how the Korean War strengthened the powers of the
    presidency and the United States military.

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30
Section 2-3
To guard cargo shipments into Berlin, Truman
stationed 60 United States B-29s planes capable
of delivering atomic bombs in England. The
President was bluffing the planes carried no
bombs. But at the time, nobody knew for
sureincluding the Soviets.
31
Section 2-4
Berlin Crisis
  • Since the end of the war, Soviet and American
    plans for Germany had put the two nations on a
    collision course. Unable to find a common ground,
    the United States, Great Britain, and France laid
    the basis for a free West German state with
    strong economic ties to the rest of Europe.

32
Section 2-5
Berlin Crisis (cont.)
  • The introduction of a common currency in the
    three western zones and West Berlin enraged the
    Soviets, who demanded that Western leaders scrap
    their currency plan or accept a Soviet currency
    in eastern Germany and all of Berlin. ?
  • When Western leaders went ahead with their plan,
    the Soviets imposed a blockade around Berlin.
    Taking advantage of a 1945 agreement to keep
    three air corridors open to Berlin, Truman
    organized a massive airlift into West Berlin.

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33
Section 2-5
Berlin Crisis (cont.)
  • World opinion turned against the Soviet Union for
    starving innocent people to achieve its ends. The
    United States, on the other hand, won the
    goodwill of many West Germans, melting wartime
    hatreds.

34
Section 2-6
Berlin Crisis (cont.)
  • In 1949, with cold war tensions rising, the
    United States, Canada, and 10 European nations
    formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
    (NATO), a military alliance to prevent Soviet
    invasion of Western Europe. In 1955 the Soviet
    Union matched NATO with the Warsaw Pacta
    Soviet-Eastern European alliance planted squarely
    across the iron curtain.

35
Section 2-5
Berlin Crisis (cont.)
36
Section 2-8
How did United States membership in NATO mark a
departure from its traditional pre-World War II
foreign policy?
Membership in NATO drew the United States into an
entangling alliance with Europe.
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display the answer.
37
Section 2-9
The Cold War in Asia
  • World War II caused nations throughout Asia to
    seek independence. Stretched thin by the job of
    rebuilding at home, Great Britain gave in to
    demands for freedom in India and Pakistanwhich
    later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh. The
    Dutch did the same in Indonesia. ?
  • Meanwhile, a civil war raged in China between the
    Nationalist forces of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang
    Kai-shek) and the Communist forces of Mao Zedong
    (Mao Tse-tung).

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38
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
  • The war grew, in part, out of broken promises by
    the Nationalists to institute land reforms when
    they took power in 1910. Only the Japanese
    invasion during World War II had caused a
    temporary alliance between the warring armies.

39
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
  • Late in 1945 Truman sent George Marshall to find
    a way to end the fighting, but both Mao and Jiang
    wanted to control China alone. Truman made a
    decision to back the Nationalists, but the aid
    came too late. Corruption and refusal to enact
    land reforms made Jiangs war-tattered army
    vulnerable to defeat.

40
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
  • In December 1949 the Nationalists fled to the
    island of Taiwan, which seemed in the eyes of
    many to be a failure of containment. The National
    Security Council urged the President to support
    the remaining friendly governments in Asia,
    including Vietnam.

41
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
42
Section 2-10
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
  • Events in Berlin and China unnerved
    everybodyincluding Truman. A high-level defense
    studyNational Security Council Report
    NSC-68suggested beginning a massive buildup of
    weapons to stay ahead of the Soviet Union. The
    nation now embarked on a dangerous arms race.

43
Section 2-11
What was the link between the Communist victory
in China and the arms race?
Sample answer Many American leaders saw the
Communists posed for an attempt at world
domination and wanted to be prepared.
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display a sample answer.
44
Section 2-12
Hot War Flares in Korea
  • Korea, which had been brutally ruled by Japan
    since 1910, suffered a fate much like Germany. At
    the end of the war, it was divided at the 38th
    parallel, leaving a Communist government in the
    north and a pro-Western government in the South. ?
  • On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops followed
    Soviet-made tanks across the 38th parallel.
    Truman, who saw the assault as a test of
    containment, ordered air and naval forces to
    Korea without the approval of Congress. He then
    sought help from the UN.

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45
Section 2-13
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
  • With the Soviet delegate absent from the Security
    Council, the UN backed Trumans request. UN
    troops, led by the United States, drove the North
    Koreans back to the 38th parallel. Smelling
    victory, MacArthur persuaded Truman to let him
    attempt to unify Korea.

46
Section 2-14
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
  • With North Korean troops pinned against the
    Chinese border at the Yula River, MacArthur
    ignored warnings from Mao to back off and crossed
    into China. The action drew Chinese troops into
    the conflict, which pushed UN forces back across
    the 38th parallel. ?
  • During the ensuing stalemate, MacArthur openly
    criticized Truman for refusing to use nuclear
    weapons against North Korea. Truman defended his
    policy of limited war and fired MacArthur.

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47
Section 2-15
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
  • Fighting in Korea dragged on until the next
    President, Dwight D. Eisenhower, oversaw a
    ceasefire.

48
Section 2-15
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
49
Section 2-16
Why do you think Truman jumped so quickly into
the Korean conflict?
Sample answer After China, he did not want to
risk another failure at containment in Asia.
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50
Section 2-12
The Korean Wars Impact
  • The Korean War settled little. Korea remained
    divided geographically and politically in much
    the same way as before the war. ?
  • However, the war had long-lasting effects on the
    United States. It convinced Americans to back a
    huge military buildup and to overlook the fact
    that Truman had never sought a formal declaration
    of war from Congressa fact that greatly enhanced
    the power of the presidency.

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51
Section 2-16
What precedent did Truman set for the future?
Truman laid the groundwork for Presidents to
launch other undeclared wars.
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display the answer.
52
Section 2-17
Main Idea
Use a chart like the one below to show Communist
challenges to containment and the United States
response.
53
Section 2-18
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
a. land reform b. arms race c. limited war
__ 1. redistribution of property to land-poor
peasants __ 2. beginning in the Truman era, a
policy of avoiding global war by confining the
fighting to one area and using conventional
weapons, not nuclear power __ 3. competition
between the United States and the Soviet Union
for greater military strength
a c b
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display the answers.
54
Section 2-19
Checking Facts
What does the acronym NATO stand for? What was
the name of NATOs Soviet counterpart?
NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. The Warsaw Pact was the name of
NATOs Soviet counterpart.
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display the answer.
55
Section 2-20
Checking Facts
Why did Truman fire General MacArthur?
MacArthur publicly criticized Trumans policy of
limited war.
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display the answer.
56
Section 2-21
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions How might a Nationalist
victory in the Chinese civil war have affected
the outcome of the Korean conflict?
If Chinese Nationalists had won, the United
States might have fought an offensive war
supporting South Korea instead of a defensive one
against North Korea.
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display the answer.
57
End of Section 2
58
Section 3-1
Cold War in the Atomic Age
Main Idea
Soviet nuclear tests and the launching of a
Soviet satellite made the arms race more
deadlyand peace more imperativethan at any time
in history. ?
Vocabulary
  • massive retaliation ?
  • military-industrial complex
  • brinkmanship ?

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59
Section 3-2
Cold War in the Atomic Age
Read to Find Out . . .
  • how the Soviet atomic bomb affected United States
    society and the arms race. ?
  • reasons for the policy of massive retaliation and
    how it helped spur the growth of a disarmament
    movement. ?
  • how Sputnik brought far-reaching changes to the
    United States.

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60
Section 3-3
To prepare for nuclear war, some schools issued
military-style dog tags to identify children
after an attack.
61
Section 3-4
Living With Fear
  • The dawn of the atomic age terrified Americans.
    To help calm the publics jangled nerves, Truman
    organized the Federal Civilian Defense
    Administration to show people they could survive
    a nuclear war. ?
  • Americans learned how to build bomb shelters, how
    to keep from panicking, how to cope with
    radiation injuries, and more.

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62
Section 3-5
Living With Fear (cont.)
  • Scary as nuclear bombs were, most Americans
    thought the best way to prevent nuclear war was
    to have more and better bombs than the Soviets.
    After a heated debate, Truman ordered scientists
    to develop a deadly hydrogen bomb, a superbomb.

63
Section 3-8
There is only one thing worse than one nation
having an atomic bomb, said one scientist in
1949. Thats two nations having it. How does
this remark reflect the thinking of Americans in
the late 1940s?
With the United States and the Soviet Union both
in possession of the bomb, people saw nuclear war
as a real possibility.
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display the answer.
64
Section 3-9
Eisenhower Elected
  • Eisenhower walked into the presidency at the
    height of cold war tensions China had just
    fallen, the Korean War dragged on, and the H-bomb
    heated up the arms race. Yet people trusted that
    Ike would lead the country through dangerous
    times. ?
  • The death of Stalin and Eisenhowers bluffs about
    a nuclear attack led Communist delegates to seek
    a resolution to the Korean War.

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65
Section 3-10
Eisenhower Elected (cont.)
  • Eisenhower found in John Foster Dulles a
    secretary of state who equaled his own fierce
    anti-communism and command of world affairs.

66
Section 3-12
What advantages did Eisenhower have over Truman
in negotiating with Communists?
Sample answer Eisenhower was a war-tested
general who at first caused many Communist
leaders to wonder about how far he might go
militarily to support United States goals.
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display a sample answer.
67
Section 3-13
A New Strategy
  • Instead of depending on costly armies and navies
    to limit wars as Truman did, Eisenhower relied on
    cheaper air power and nuclear weapons. Under a
    program called the New Look, he reduced the
    manpower of the army and navy, while increasing
    the number of air force personnel.

68
Section 3-14
A New Strategy (cont.)
  • To put teeth into the scaled-down military,
    Eisenhower and Dulles pledged to meet aggression
    with massive retaliationan instant nuclear
    attack. To back up this tough stance, they
    circled the Soviet Union and China with American
    military bases and allies.

69
Section 3-14
A New Strategy (cont.)
  • Critics dubbed the new foreign policy
    brinkmanshipthe art of never backing down from a
    crisis. It posed two dangers (1) It gave the
    United States only two choiceseither fight a
    nuclear battle or do nothing. (2) It also led the
    Soviets to develop more powerful bombs, creating
    what Churchill called a balance of terror.

70
Section 3-15
What did Eisenhower mean when he told Americans
his defense plan provided a bigger bang for the
buck.
Sample answer He had scaled back the size and
expense of the military while beefing up the
nations nuclear capacity.
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display a sample answer.
71
Section 3-16
Eisenhower Wages Peace
  • While Eisenhower used the war machine to curb
    Communist aggression, he also worked for peace.
    On the one hand he approved the explosion of the
    biggest H-bomb ever tested on the other hand he
    proposed the atoms for peace plan to the UN.

72
Section 3-17
Eisenhower Wages Peace (cont.)
  • The radioactive fallout from H-bomb tests led
    people worldwide to clamor for a halt in the arms
    race. Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders Nikolay
    Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev in Geneva,
    Switzerland, to discuss disarmament. Although the
    conference yielded few results, the two powers
    were talking again.

73
Section 3-18
Eisenhower Wages Peace (cont.)
74
Section 3-19
How did the arms race become a global issue?
Nuclear testing caused radioactive fallout that
knew no borders and drifted worldwide.
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display the answer.
75
Section 3-13
The Deep Freeze Returns
  • The thaw in relations was short-lived. Two events
    revived tensions (1) In 1956 Khrushchev ordered
    troops to crush an uprising in Hungary. (2) In
    1957 the Soviets launched Sputnik, leading the
    United States to launch the National Aeronautics
    and Space Administration (NASA)the start of the
    space race.

76
Section 3-14
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
77
Section 3-14
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
  • Pressure to rein in arms production remained
    strong. In 1957 a group of business, scientific,
    and publishing leaders organized SANEthe
    Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policyto lobby for
    arms reductions. That same year the publication
    of On the Beach whipped up public support for a
    halt in H-bomb tests.

78
Section 3-14
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
  • In 1963 the United States and the Soviet Union
    bowed to a growing world outcry and signed a
    test-ban treaty prohibiting nuclear testing in
    the atmosphere. However, the treaty permitted
    tests underground and in outer space. ?
  • By the end of his presidency, Eisenhower had
    become deeply concerned about the power of the
    military-industrial complexthe vast, interwoven
    military establishment and arms industry.

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79
Section 3-14
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
80
Section 3-15
What threats did the military-industrial complex
pose to democracy?
Possible answer Eisenhower believed the
military-industrial complex would have a higher
stake in war than in peace.
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display a possible answer.
81
Section 3-20
Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show ways in
which the arms race became more deadly during the
1950s.
82
Section 3-21
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. practice of attempting to keep the peace
among nations by letting it be known that one
will never back down and is prepared to cross
the brink of war __ 2. the cold war policy of the
United States under which aggression against any
ally would be met with an immediate all-out
nuclear strike __ 3. the vast, interwoven
military establishment and arms industry
a. massive retaliation b. brinkmanship c. military
-industrial complex
b a c
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display the answers.
83
Section 3-23
Checking Facts
Why did Eisenhower appoint Dulles as his
secretary of state?
Dulles was fiercely anti-Communist and had over
40 years experience in foreign relations.
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display the answer.
84
Section 3-24
Checking Facts
What steps did the United States take to close
the missile gap after the launching of Sputnik?
The United States increased spending for missile
development launched NASA built more bombers
and submarines installed missiles in Europe and
trained scientists, engineers, and students.
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display the answer.
85
Section 3-25
Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences In 1961, Eisenhower
predicted the rise of a military-industrial
complex. What are some possible consequences of
an alliance between industry and the military?
Some possible consequences of an alliance between
industry and the military are economic dependence
on military production and temptation to use
stockpiled weapons.
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display the answer.
86
End of Section 3
87
Section 4-1
A New Battleground
Main Idea
Cold war rivalries led the United States and the
Soviet Union to spy on each other and to
interfere in the affairs of developing countries
in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. ?
Vocabulary
  • emerging nation ?
  • nationalization
  • convert operation ?

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88
Section 4-2
A New Battleground
Read to Find Out . . .
  • how the United States and Soviet Union competed
    for the loyalty of emerging nations. ?
  • reasons for United States interest in the Middle
    East and the policies adopted to protect American
    influence in the region. ?
  • causes and effects of the Cuban missile crisis.

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display the information.
89
Section 4-3
In the 1970s Senator Frank Church of Idaho
chaired a committee that forced the CIA to
declassify secret documents. These documents
revealed several assassination plots, most of
which failed. The most frequent target was Fidel
Castro.
90
Section 4-4
New Worlds to Conquer
  • After World War II, emerging nations in Asia,
    Latin America, and Africa shook off colonial rule
    and became a cold war battleground. ?
  • The United States depended on developing nations
    for raw materials and markets. These nations also
    provided a line of defense, if allied with the
    United States, against the expansion of communism.

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91
Section 4-5
New Worlds to Conquer (cont.)
  • Many emerging nations, however, did not want to
    exchange domination by a colonial power for
    domination by a cold war superpower. ?
  • Facing resistance from emerging nations, the
    United States used many methods to win friends
    and wage cold war, including massive amounts of
    foreign aid and covert operations by the CIA.

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display the information.
92
Section 4-7
How did the cold war affect United States
policies toward national self-determination in
the emerging world?
Sample answer The United States tended to see
struggles for self-determination as revolutions
directed by the Soviet Union.
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display a sample answer.
93
Section 4-8
The CIA Joins the Fight
  • In 1947 Congress passed the National Security
    Act, which streamlined the defense system and
    created the CIA and the National Security Council
    (NSC). The two agencies reported to the
    President. ?
  • With increased power and funding, CIA agents
    worked behind the scene worldwide to overthrow
    neutral or pro-Soviet governments and to prop up
    pro-Western ones. This resource gave the White
    House virtual control over foreign policy.

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display the information.
94
Section 4-9
The CIA Joins the Fight (cont.)
95
Section 4-11
How did the CIA affect the presidency?
It allowed the President to conduct covert
operations without the approval of Congress.
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display the answer.
96
Section 4-12
The CIA and the Shah
  • In 1951 efforts by Iranian prime minister Dr.
    Mohammad Mossadeg to nationalize British oil
    fields led the British to organize an
    international boycott of Iranian oil. ?
  • Eisenhower saw Irans economic chaos as a
    breeding ground for communism. He authorized CIA
    agent Kermit Roosevelt to engineer Mossadegs
    overthrow, while leaving the young Shah, Mohammad
    Reza Pahlavi, in place.

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display the information.
97
Section 4-13
The CIA and the Shah (cont.)
  • After a series of blunders, Iranian agents for
    the CIA ousted Mossadeg. With the Shah in power,
    Western oil companies signed an oil agreement
    with Iran. The deal enriched the Shah, ensured
    the future of the CIA, and planted the seeds of
    Iranian hatred of the United States.

98
Section 4-15
What were the short-term and long-term effects of
CIA activities in Iran?
The United States secured Western access to
Iranian oil fields but earned the hatred of
Iranians who saw the Shah as a United States
puppet.
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display the answer.
99
Section 4-16
War in Egypt
  • In 1956 the newly independent nation of Egypt
    seized the Suez Canala vital link between oil
    ports along the Persian Gulf and the
    Mediterranean. Great Britain, which had
    controlled the canal, invaded Egypt along with
    France and Israel.

100
Section 4-16
War in Egypt (cont.)
  • Fearing that the action would drive the Middle
    East into the Soviet camp, Eisenhower called for
    a UN resolution condemning the invasion. Without
    United States support, the three American allies
    pulled out and the canal was turned over to Egypt.

101
Section 4-17
War in Egypt (cont.)
  • Afraid of growing Soviet influence in the
    oil-rich Middle East, Congress approved the
    so-called Eisenhower Doctrinea policy that
    promised economic and military aid to any
    pro-Western governments in the region.

102
Section 4-18
Senator J. William Fulbright called the
Eisenhower Doctrine a blank grant of power over
our funds and armed forces. What did he mean?
Possible answer Fulbright felt the doctrine
allowed the President to act independently in the
Middle East.
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display a possible answer.
103
Section 4-16
Latin America
  • In Latin America nationalists began a struggle to
    loosen the grip of United States firms on their
    economics. In 1958 Fidel Castro ousted the
    pro-United States dictator, Fulgencio Batista. He
    then seized American businesses and signed a
    trade agreement with Moscow.

104
Section 4-17
Latin America (cont.)
  • Eisenhower approved a CIA-backed invasion of
    Cuba, which fell to Kennedy to complete. The Bay
    of Pigs invasion failed miserably and exposed an
    American plot to overthrow a neighbors
    government. ?
  • Castro and Khrushchev confronted the United
    States by installing Soviet nuclear missiles and
    bombers near Havana. In October 1962 a United
    States spy plane discovered the installations.

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105
Section 4-17
Latin America (cont.)
  • The so-called Cuban missile crisis brought the
    United States and the Soviet Union to the brink
    of war. Kennedy blocked Cuban shipping lanes and
    pushed Khrushchev to remove the missiles. After a
    tense week, Khrushchev stepped back.

106
Section 4-17
Latin America (cont.)
107
Section 4-17
Latin America (cont.)
  • The standoff forced the United States and the
    Soviet Union to accept each others power and to
    admit the importance of negotiation. The two
    nations installed a hot line to avert future
    crises, but neither nation slowed down the arms
    race.

108
Section 4-18
How did Kennedys conduct in the Cuban missile
crisis reflect a continuation of Eisenhowers
foreign policy?
Kennedy practiced brinkmanship.
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display the answer.
109
Section 4-19
Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show why and
how the United States became involved in the
affairs of emerging nations.
110
Section 4-20
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. the process of changing a property or
industry from private to government ownership
after World War II Irans declaration that its
oil fields, with their British-owned factories,
were the property of Iranian government __ 2. a
developing country in Asia, Latin America, or
Africa __ 3. a secret or undercover government
mission
a. emerging nation b. covert operation c. national
ization
c a b
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display the answers.
111
Section 4-21
Checking Facts
What sparked the controversy between Iran and
Great Britain in 1951?
The nationalization of the oil industry in Iran,
which affected British refineries there, sparked
the controversy between Iran and Great Britain.
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display the answer.
112
Section 4-22
Checking Facts
Why did Castros revolution threaten United
States interests?
Politically, it created a Communist presence
close to the United States. Economically, it
destroyed American business interests in Cuba.
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display the answer.
113
Section 4-23
Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences How would the United
States benefit if Castros revolution failed?
If Castros revolution failed it would rid the
nation of an offshore Communist outpost that
threatened to export revolution to the Americas.
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display the answer.
114
End of Section 4
115
End of Slide Show
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