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The IsraeliPalestinian Conflict

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Title: The IsraeliPalestinian Conflict


1
The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
  • From Oslo to the Road Map

2
The Setting
  • Desert Storm
  • January 1991
  • International coalition, acting under a UN
    Security Council mandate, unite to expel Iraq
    from neighboring Kuwait

3
Iraq and the Palestinians
  • Saddam Hussein attempts to link his fight against
    the U.S.-led coalition to the Israeli-Palestinian
    conflict.
  • PLO, led by exile leader Yasir Arafat, embraces
    Husseins efforts to link the two conflicts.

4
Waning Support for PLO
  • PLO alignment with Hussein undermines
    international support for the Palestinian cause.
  • Hamas (a.k.a. The Islamic Resistance Movement)
    and other Islamist groups increasingly competed
    with the PLO for leadership of the Palestinian
    cause.

5
Madrid Peace Conference
  • U.S. President George H. W. Bush embarked on a
    series of efforts to alleviate the wider
    Arab-Israeli conflict.
  • Convened an international conference in 1991 in
    Madrid.
  • Two tracks
  • Multilateral track
  • Bi-lateral track

6
Israel, Jordan, and the PLO
  • Israel had a longstanding policy of refusing to
    meet with official representatives of the PLO.
  • Problem overcome by including Palestinian
    representatives in a joint Jordanian-Palestinian
    delegation.

7
Slow Going in Madrid
  • The initial months of the Madrid Conference
    produced few results.
  • PLO leadership in Tunis took positions that made
    it difficult for the parties to make progress on
    substantive issues.

8
Israeli Elections and the Start of the Oslo
Process
  • Madrid Conference begun under Israeli Prime
    Ministers Yitzhak Shamirs Likud Government.
  • Right-wing Likud has traditionally been more
    hesitant about peace with the Palestinians than
    left-wing Labor party.
  • 1992 Labor, led by Yitzhak Rabin, defeats
    Shamirs Likud government and forms a government.
  • Rabins government did not include Likud.

9
The Oslo Back Channel
  • The PLO initiated secret talks in Oslo, Norway
    aimed at outlining a peace agreement with two
    Israeli academics with links to the governing
    Labor party.
  • These talks quickly evolved into the official
    peace talks between Israel and the PLO.

10
Oslo I and II
  • 1993 Israel and the PLO sign the Declaration of
    Principles in Washington.
  • Exiled PLO leadership permitted to return to the
    Occupied Territories and form a government with
    limited powers.
  • Palestinian police were deployed, PLO ran
    schools, Palestinian doctors took over health
    care responsibilities.
  • Few of the targets set in Oslo I were met on time.

11
Israeli and Palestinian Extremists Respond
  • Opponents of the peace undertook efforts to halt
    the process.
  • 1995 Yitzhak Rabin Assassinated by Jewish
    Student with ties to the settler movement.
  • Hamas initiates campaign of terror that
    undermines Labors claims about the fruits of the
    peace process.
  • 1996 Benjamin (Bibi) Netanyahus Likud party
    defeats Labor

12
The Peace Process Stalls
  • Under Netanyahu, the Peace Process stalls.
  • Netanyahu reimposed harsh restrictions on
    Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
  • Missed numerous deadlines contained in the Oslo
    agreements.

13
Restarting the Peace Process
  • May 1999 Labor regains power.
  • Ehud Barak becomes Prime Minister.
  • Barak completed many of the troop withdrawals
    called for by the Oslo agreements.
  • Barak also permits settlement expansion in
    Occupied Territories.

14
The Failure at Camp David
  • Baraks strategy was to abandon the incremental
    approach espoused in the Oslo agreements for an
    all-at-once solution consummated at Camp David.
  • Final Status negotiations would tackle the most
    difficult questions in the Israeli-Palestinian
    Conflict.
  • Status of Jerusalem.
  • Right of return for Palestinian refugees.
  • Right of Palestinians to declare a state on the
    West Bank and Gaza.

15
The Status of Jerusalem
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18
Palestinian Refugees (as of 1995)
19
Israeli Settlements on the West Bank (1972-1992
20
Camp David
  • Barak made a number of important compromises at
    Camp David, including an agreement to divide
    control over Jerusalem and to provide a limited
    right of return to Palestinian refugees.
  • Arafat made few concessions and offered little in
    the way of proposals that could be used to bridge
    differences between the two sides.
  • In the end, the Camp David talks failed because
    of the parties could not agree on who would have
    sovereignty over the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif

21
Ariel Sharon takes over
  • Sharon, a tough General with a reputation as a
    strong Israeli nationalist, defeats Barak and
    becomes the Israeli Prime Minister.
  • Likud replaces Labor as the majority party.
  • Sharon refuses to negotiate with the
    Palestinians, whom he describes as disinterested
    in peace there is no partner.

22
Second intifada
  • Sharons election coincides with the start of an
    uprising in the Occupied territories the second
    such uprising to occur.
  • The second intifada is marked by an intense wave
    of suicide bombings and Israeli military
    reprisals.

23
The Security Barrier
  • Convinced that the Palestinians do not want peace
    and also convinced of their inability to stop
    suicide attacks, Sharon advances the idea of
    separating the Israeli populace from their
    Palestinian neighbors through the construction of
    a security barrier.

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