History of Aquatic Science

1
History of Aquatic Science

• This unit will give an introduction to the
  history of oceanic exploration and the major
  events discoveries that shaped the course of
  Aquatic Science.
• On the following slides, the green sections are
  the most important.
• Underline words vocabulary!

2
Vessel Matching
B

• Match the items below to the pictures to the
  right.
• ROV
• Satellite
• Submarine
• Buoy
• Sonar

A
D
C
E
3
Aquatic Science

• What is Aquatic Science?
• The study of all water environments, and the
  plants, animals, and organisms that live in them.

http//habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/news/pulauhantu/imag
es/LIT000720blog.jpg
4
Background

• About ¾ of our Earth is water without water,
  life on Earth as we know it would not exist.
• The ocean is one of our last frontiers the last
  places to discover.
• Since the beginning of time human kind has
  required water for survival.

http//watserv1.uwaterloo.ca/saibaba/Boy20Drinki
ng20Water.jpg
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The Ocean

• Through the study of the worlds oceans, we
• Enjoy recreation
• Explore aquatic animals plants
• Find food
• Get our weather systems
• Learn the history of the planet
• Mine for minerals, oil building materials
• Trade between countries
• Transport goods and people

6
Areas of Study in Aquatic Science

• Physical currents, tides, waves, pressure,
  temperature, depth, density, as relating to
  weather phenomenon
• Geological history of the Earth, seafloor
  features, sediments, changes over time
• Chemical evolution and composition of seawater,
  its influences on animal and plant life, and
  impact of water pollution on the environment
• Biological plants, animals and their ecosystems
  (life cycles, food chains, and environments)

7
Oceanography

• What is oceanography?
• A multiscience field encompassing geology,
  geophysics, chemistry, physics, meteorology, and
  biology as they pertain to marine ecosystems.

http//library.humboldt.edu/rls/kelp.jpg
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Setting up Your Timeline

• Take a sheet of legal sized paper.
• Fold the sheet along the Y axis (skinny) and cut
  along the fold.
• Glue the two ends of the paper together to make
  one long strip for the timeline.
• Use the meter stick to draw a line down the
  center of the paper.
• Create a key in the lower left hand corner
• 1 cm 100 years

9
Egyptian Technology

• The Egyptians established sea trade throughout
  the Indian Ocean as early as 2300 B.C.

• Ca 1938 - 1756 B.C. built the canal, the Isthmus
  of Suez, to navigate ships across land.
• It operated until 775 A.D.

http//search.eb.com.ezproxy.uhd.edu/eb/article-22
787
10
The Phoenicians

• Phoenicians (from the Middle East) Sailed around
  Africa in 590 B.C.

A stone carving from the 1st century AD shows the
kind of ship that the Phoenicians used on the
Mediterranean Sea. The Granger Collection, New
York Image
http//search.eb.com.ezproxy.uhd.edu/eb/art-2116/P
hoenician-colonization-in-the-Mediterranean
11
The Greeks

• Herodotus (a Greek) published accurate map (see
  below) of Mediterranean region, ca 450 B.C.
• Greeks Developed trade routes throughout the
  Mediterranean and expanded their empire under
  Alexander the Great, 336 B.C.

http//www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ancientimages/109.
JPEG
12
Amazing Math!

• 200 B.C. the Greek Eratosthenes mathematically
  calculated the circumference of the Earth to be
  40,000 km.
• It actually is 40,032 km.
• 2,200 years ago his math was good enough to be
  off only 32 km!

Eratosthenes knew that at noon on the summer
solstice the Sun is directly overhead at Syene (a
city).He also knew the distance between Syene
and Alexandria (another city), which, combined
with his measurement of the solar angle a between
the Sun and the vertical, enabled him to
calculate Earth's circumference. From
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
13
The Arabs
http//search.eb.com.ezproxy.uhd.edu/eb/art-12539/
A-lateen-rigged-ship-used-by-Arab-merchants

• ca 200 B.C Islamic and Arab Merchants
  Experienced sailors traded throughout the
  Mediterranean and Indian Oceans.
• They are believed to have invented the lateen
  sail, the triangular sail important in early
  navigation.

14
In the Middle Ages

• 900 A.D. The Vikings crossed the North Atlantic
  to colonize Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland
  using the North Star to determine latitude.

Exhumed Viking ship Viking Ship Museum, Oslo,
Norway. Image
15
15th and 16th Centuries

• Chinese Sailed to influence and impress their
  neighbors.
• 1492 Columbus Sailing for Spain, sailed the
  Atlantic and discovered the Americas.
• 1497 Vasco da Gama Sailing for Portugal, sailed
  around Africa from Portugal to India to establish
  trade routes.
• Europeans searched for the Northwest passage
  through northern Canada to trade with Asia
  explored the Artic.

16
Around the World in

• 1519 - Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was
  the 1st European expedition to circumnavigate
  (travel all around) the world.
• 237 men began the voyage 18 returned.
• Magellan actually died before the journey was
  finished, but his crew returned in 1522. Trip

http//www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_hi
story/ferdinand_magellan_charcoal_fur_robe.jpg
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Benjamin Franklin

• 1762- The American Ben Franklin created a chart
  of the Gulf Stream.
• The Gulf Stream gives the US its warm climate,
  bringing warm water north from the equator.

http//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/hir
es/gulf_stream_map.jpg
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Harrison Cook

• 1728 - Device invented by John Harrison (a
  carpenter) who was paid 20,000 pounds by the
  British government a chronometer a device that
  calculates longitude.
• 1768 - The English explorer Captain James Cook
  made 3 voyages to chart the Pacific Ocean.
• He was the first to use a chronometer for
  navigation.

http//www.captaincookwhitby.co.uk/captainjamescoo
kportrait.jpg
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Charles Darwin

• In 1831 Charles Darwin took his voyage on the
  ship the HMS Beagle which led to the origin of
  species and the modern theories of evolution.

http//uk.gizmodo.com/charles_darwin_l.jpg
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Matthew Maury

• U.S. Navys Lt. Matthew Maury, called the Father
  of Modern Oceanography, made charts and sailing
  directions through data collection and wrote the
  first book of oceanography in 1855.
• Monument named him Pathfinder of the Seas.
  (Richmond, VA)

http//www.18thmass.com/blog/media/2/20070417-Rich
mond20-20Matthew20Maury.jpg
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The Challenger

• From 1872 to 1876, the ship HMS Challenger
  Expedition led by Sir Charles Wyville Thomson
  gathered more data in its time than all other
  data to date.

http//www.zamboanga.com/history/histor8.jpg

• It was this voyage that discovered the worlds
  deepest ocean trench, the Marianas Trench, now
  sometimes called the Challenger Deep.

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• The Marianas Trench (8185 m or 26,850 ft) in the
  Pacific Ocean about 200 miles SW of Guam.
• The map below shows the route of HMS Challenger
  (in red) the expedition lasted 1,000 days and
  covered more than 68,000 nautical miles.

http//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mount
ains/background/challenger/media/route.html
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20th Century

• 1898 The world wars were the catalyst for US
  oceanographic research invention of the 1st gas
  engine/battery powered submarine (John Holland)
  bought by US government in 1900.

http//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05arcti
c/background/plan/media/global_explorer_rov_600.jp
g

• Development of technology including electronic
  equipment, deep sea drilling programs, (1916)
  SONAR, use of GPS (global positioning system) and
  satellites.

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The Meteor

• The Meteor Expedition mapped the ocean floor and
  features.
• 1925-1927 - The German Meteor expedition
  systematically surveys the South Atlantic with
  echo-sounding equipment and other oceanographic
  instruments.

http//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/history/quotes/tech/
media/echo_600.jpg
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The Trieste

• On January 23, 1960, the bathyscaph (small
  submarine) Trieste reached the greatest oceanic
  depth existing on our planet.
• Don Walsh and Jacques Picard (US navy) piloted
  the Trieste to the deepest part of the trench
  (35,797 ft) .

http//www.strange-mecha.com/ship/Bathyscaphe/trie
ste.jpg
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• ".... I saw a wonderful thing. Lying on the
  bottom just beneath us was some type of flatfish
  Even as I saw him, his two round eyes on top of
  his head spied us Why should he have eyes?
  Merely to see phosphorescence?...Here, in an
  instant, was the answer that biologists had asked
  for the decades. Could life exist in the greatest
  depths of the ocean? It could! - J. Picard

http//www.travel-dive.com/images/frogfish-hairbal
l.jpg
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Alvin

• Designed by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
  and built in 1962, Alvin has traveled around the
  world completing 4,162 dives.

http//www.oar.noaa.gov/spotlite/archive/images/oc
eandumping_alvin.jpg

• Alvin has mechanical arms and in 1966 helped to
  locate a H-bomb that was lost in the
  Mediterranean Sea.
• In 1979, Alvin and its crew discovered black
  smokers on the sea floor.

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The Glomar Challenger
http//www.pixelgraphicsinc.com/images/Glomar.jpg

• 1968 The Glomar Challenger, a drilling vessel
  that proved seafloor spreading and changes in the
  earths climate by taking core samples from the
  sea floor.

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View from Space

• 1985 JASON, a satellite found and documented
  the wreck of the Titanic.

http//topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/images/OSTM-
200707.jpg
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The Japanese

• 1989 - Japan launched the Shinkai 6500 which can
  carry a crew without a tether (rope) up to 21,414
  ft deep into the ocean (a world record).

http//www.sstg.org/images/shinkai.jpg
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21st Century

• In 2006, a Chinese mineral company (COMRA)
  designed a craft to reach 23,000 ft.

http//interridge.whoi.edu/files/interridge/comra_
celebrate.png
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How do we study the ocean?

• Types of Research Vessels
• Submersibles small underwater vehicles
• ROV remotely operated vehicle
• Bathysphere is lowered by a cable from a ship
• Drilling ships which take sediment cores
• Floating and Fixed platforms (FLIP floating
  instrument platform) to gather data like
  temperature, salinity, density, and weather
  patterns

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Other Research Instruments

• Airplanes
• Satellites SEASAT 1st satellite dedicated to
  ocean studies
• Echosounding
• Underwater cameras
• Side scan sonar great for sunken ships

http//www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/images/si
de-scan-sonar-rude2.jpg
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In Conclusion
http//www.cliffshade.com/colorado/images/earth_we
st.jpg

• The ocean represents the Earths last frontier
  for exploration and the key to understanding the
  future of our planet.
• The human race depends on the life and
  sustainability of the ocean for economic,
  biological, and environmental stability.
• The world of Aquatic science is ever reaching for
  new discoveries in this blue realm.