Juneberry

1
Juneberry

• Rosaceae Amelanchier alnifolia
• Serviceberry, Saskatoon berry

2
Range

• Amelanchier alnifolia- North Central Region
• Alta., B.C., Man., Ont., N.W.T., Sask., Yukon
  Colo., Idaho, Iowa, Kans., Minn., Mont., Nebr.,
  Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Tex., Utah,
  Wash., Wyo

3
Habitat

• Stream banks, river shores, lake shores,
  mountainsides, dry rocky and grassy slopes
  (northern shrub-steppe), hillsides, woods,
  thickets, shaded canyons, moist roadsides
  30-2900 m
• Drought tolerant require 13 percipitation
• High pH tolerant
• Freezing tolerant to -50 to -60C

4
Botanical Description

• Amelanchier 16-25 species in NA
• Multistemmed shrub or small tree
• Other amelanchier names Sarvis, sarvistree,
  shadblow, shadbush, swamp sugar pear, currant
  tree, snowy mespilus, Indian pear
• Several species used for fruit
• Success introduced 1878 A. canadensis
• 2n  68, species hybridize readily, also
  hybridize with sorbus
• Multistemmed shrub grey bark
• Leaves round to truncate leaves, usually glabrous

5
Medicinal

• Tea stomach troubles, childbirth recovery,
• Bark infusion sore eyes

6
Other Uses

• Ornamental
• White flowers
• Orange-copper fall foliage
• Early Uses
• Tough flexible wood for arrows, digging tools,
  stakes, handles etc.
• Cross-pieces for canoe, basket frame

7
Flower

• Inflorescences borne on 1yr wood, erect raceme,
  3--6 cm, 5-15 flowers, lowest flower subtended by
  a leaf. 
• Flowering May-June
• 3 to 20days
• Chilling requirement 2000h
• Flowers self fertile
• 20 stamen
• 5 stigmas
• Summit of the ovary distinctly hairy
• Sepals reflex after flowering

8
Fruit

• Pome
• 1 -10 seed
• 5-10 mm long
• blue to purple when ripe
• 45-60 days after flowering

9
Fruit Use

• Jams, jelly syrup, pies, fresh, wine
• Fruit leathers, pemmican
• Substitute for blueberry

10
Propagation

• Seed
• F1 seed from parental clone
• Will produce plant similar to parent type
• Collect seed from fresh fruit, extract, wash, dry
• Stratify 3-4 months at 1-7C
• Rogue non-uniform plants
• Takes additional 1-2 years to establish
• NCRS
• Plant seed outside in fall in nursery bed
• Windbreak materials

11
Propagation

• Cuttings
• Root 1-1.5 cm diameter, 5-10cm long, fall store
  at 4C in peat moss,
• Suckers from rhizomes
• Softwood difficult to root
• stool bed, etiolated shoots from crown base
• Hardwood Micropropagation
• Budding best for tree type

12
Cultivars

• Martin -15', large fruit size and uniform
  ripening. Excellent mechanical harvest variety.
• Thiessen -15', Vigorous, sprawling, largefruit,
  excellent fresh, unevenripening
• Northline -12', Upright spreading form. Suckers
  freely, large blue-black fruit
• Smoky -12' Wide spreading habit, suckers, most
  productive commercial variety, uneven ripening.
• Honeywood -15' Large flavorful fruit, flowers
  later than Smoky, even ripening, precocious.
• Regent 4-6 more ornamental

http//www.lawyernursery.com/
13
3 years to come into production 12 years to full
production Lifespan 30-50years
14
Site selection

• Northeast slope to avoid frosts
• Watch for 2-4,D drift potential!
• Adapted to most soil types
• (sandy loam ideal)
• needs good drainage
• Avoid clay soils
• pH 5.5 7.5

15
Soil Preparation

• Soil test pH, NPK, organic matter
• Weed control previous season
• Two years if perennial weed problem
• Cover crop till down, fall annual cover crop

16
Planting

• Hedgerow N-S
• 35- 50 from windbreak
• Between row 3-6 wider than equipment
• Mechanical harvester,
• Over row 16
• Pull type 20
• Rule of thumb alley width not less than plant
  height
• U-pick lt400 rows

17
Planting

• Within row 5-6 apart
• Keep roots moist!
• Plant dormant plants when soil temps are 5C lt10C
  (40lt50F)
• Irrigate until well-established
• Tissue culture or stoolbed plants
• Mid-August

18
Calculate Plant

• Plant Density (trees/acre)
• N (43560)
• (AB)D

N number of rows within bed (single 1) A
alley width from trunk to trunk or plant to
plant B bed width D distance between trees
within row
Calculate 5-6 x 16-20
19
Mulching Weed Control

• Organic mulch
• Immediately after planting
• 3-5
• Wood chip 3
• 4 swath
• Plastic mulch trickle irrigation
• Rip down center as plants sucker

20
Orchard Floor

• Grass alleys
• Bunch grasses
• Reduce compaction
• Pick your own no mud
• gt winter survival
• Weed control essential
• Foxtail, perennial weeds

21
Orchard Maintenance

• Young planting remove horizontal stems keep
  vertical vigorous
• After 3-4 years fruiting, thin older stems. Keep
  5-7 main stems lt1diameter, prune annually in
  March April. 4 year renewal pruning
• Flowers on 1 yr old wood
• Highest quality fruit on vigorous branches
• remove weak, diseased, low branches
• remove center (shaded) branches

22
Fertilization

• Soil test
• 25-50 lb N/acre
• Potassium requirement increase as come into
  bearing
• Foliar analysis
• tissue sample end July mid-August
• ppm levels are being developed
• current N-2.5, P-0.2, K 1.2
• Early spring application budbreak and petal fall

23
Harvest

• May be mechanically harvested
• 5 acre minimum size for commercial orchard
• 6-8 years mature production
• 10-15 lbs/ shrub 3-4000 lb/a

24
Storage

• Short shelf life
• Freeze well, flash freeze maintain 2 years
• Dehydration anthocyanin browning
• Dry and infuse with sugar to maintain color and
  fruit stability
• Historically dried in flat layer/slab

25
Economics

• Canada 4000 acres 24 mil/yr USD
• 2/lb PYO
• 3/lb Fresh mechanical harvest
• Establish cost 2000/acre
• Production year 3-6
• Invest 6000
• 8-10 years to payback
• 3000-4000 potential net return /yr

26
Birds

• Netting - Protection from birds is essential!

27
Disease

• Entomosporium
• Leaf berry spot
• Angular brown spots
• Fruit cracking shrivel
• Humid warm conditions
• Air circulation, fungicides
• hawthorn, mountain ash,

28
Disease

• Juniper rust
• Remove native juniper
• Fungicide

29
Disease

• Brown fruit rot
• Clean up orchard
• Funginex 190
• Powdery mildew
• Air circulation
• Fungicide
• Fireblight
• Prune

30
Insect

• Wooly Elm Aphid
• Young plantings
• Apple curculio
• Aphids
• Spider mites
• Leaf-rolling tent caterpillars
• Limited control
• 21 day preharvest

31
Chemical Damage

• Sensitive to 2,4-D family of herbicides
• Leaf malformation
• Sulfur toxicity
• Leaf drop

32
(No Transcript)
33
Nutritional Value Similar to Blueberry
34
Phytochemical
35
Lonicera caeruleaCaprifoliaceae

• Edible Honeysuckle
• Russian cultivars
• 3-6 height
• Blue fruit
• Very winter hardy
• Flowers april-may
• Requires moist soil

36
Hippophae rhamnoidesElaeagnaceae

• Sea Buchthorn
• Indian-Summer
• 6-12
• Very hardy, freezing and heat tolerant
• Yellow-orange berries, dioecious
• Thorny stems, high in protein, lipids- Omega 3,
  6, 9 VitE, VitC, 190 bioactive components
• Flower on 2 year old wood
• 1 male to 6-8 female