Osteoporosis Decreased bone density Develops gradually with

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Osteoporosis

• Decreased bone density
• Develops gradually with age
• Development of osteoporosis
• Calcium and osteoporosis
• Women at higher risk
• Factors to reduce risk
• Adequate calcium intake throughout life
• Regular exercise

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Calcium

• Dietary Recommendations
• AI1000 mg over age 511200 mg age 9-181300 mg
• Calcium absorption
• Reduced by fiber (wheat bran)
• phytate--(whole grains, nuts, seeds)
• oxalate--(in foods such as spinach)
• needs vitamin D
• Calcium balance
• Lack of calcium can contribute to osteoporosis

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Phosphorus

• Functions of phosphorus
• Bone structure
• Component of ATP, DNA, RNA, phospholipids
• Dietary Recommendations
• RDA adults700 mg adolescents1250 mg
• High Phos to Ca ratiobone loss
• Food sources of phosphorus
• Meat, milk, eggs (rich in protein)
• Processed foods (meats)
• Soft drinks (phos but no calcium)

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• Hypophosphatemia
• Caused by an underlying disorder
• By restricting absorption or enhancing excretion
• Hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency,
  overuse
• of antacids (Al, Mg, Ca) that bind Phos
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Most common is a consequence of kidney disease
• Also underactive parathyroid gland, too much
• vitamin D supplements, overuse of phosphate-
• containing laxatives

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Magnesium

• Functions
• DNA and protein synthesis
• Blood clotting, muscle contraction, ATP
  production
• Recommendations
• RDA age 19-30 men400 mg, women310 mg and over
  31 men420, women320
• Deficiency associated with alcoholism
• Food sources
• Whole grains, vegetables, legumes, tofu, seafood

SULFER does not function alone
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Iron

• Functions
• Oxygen transport as part of hemoglobin and
  myoglobin
• Cofactor for enzymes
• Normal brain and immune function
• Food sources
• Red meats, liver, seafood
• Deficiency
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Toxicity
• Poisoning in children
• Hemochromatosis

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Iron Absorption

• Effect of iron status
• Effect of GI function
• need stomach acid
• Effect of the amount and form of iron in food
• heme and non-heme
• Dietary factors that enhance absorption
• vitamin C
• Dietary factors that inhibit absorption
• polyphenols calcium

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Symptoms fatigue, pale skin, breathlessness with
exertion, poor tolerance to
cold, poor immune function,
behavioral changes, cognitive impairment,
decreased work performance Children
impaired growth, apathy, short attention span,
irritability, reduced ability to
learn
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
Normal Red Blood Cells Iron
Deficiency Anemia--
Small pale
cells
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Zinc

• Functions
• Cofactor for enzymes Gene regulation Immune
  health
• Dietary Recommendation
• men 11 mg w18 mg preg11 mg lact12mg
• Food sources
• Red meats, seafood
• Deficiency
• Poor growth, delayed development
• Toxicity
• Can cause copper deficiency
• Wilsons disease

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Selenium

• Functions
• Part of antioxidant enzyme
• Thyroid metabolism, immune function
• Recommendations RDA 55 ug/day
• Food sources
• Organ meats, fish, seafood, meats, Brazil nuts
• Deficiency
• Increases susceptibility to some infections
• Keshan disease
• Toxicity
• Brittle hair and nails

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Iodine

• Functions
• Thyroid hormone production
• Food sources
• Iodized salt, fish, seafood, dairy products
• Goitrogens in cabbage family interfere with
  absorption
• Recommendation RDA150 ug
• Deficiency
• Goiter enlarged thyroid gland
• Cretinism mental retardation
• Occurs in fetus when pregnant woman is deficient

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Copper and Manganese

• Functions of copper
• Melanin, collagen, elastin production
• Immune function
• Antioxidant enzyme systems
• Food sources of copper (RDA900 ug)
• Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, legumes
• Functions of manganese (AI2.3 mg/1.8 mg)
• Cartilage production
• Antioxidant enzyme systems
• Food sources of manganese
• Tea, coffee, nuts, cereals

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Fluoride

• Functions of fluoride
• Bone and tooth structure
• AImen4 mg women3mg
• Food sources of fluoride
• Fluoridated water
• supplements for over age 1 if low fluoride in
  water
• Fluoridation Debate
• reduce tooth decay vs. mass involuntary
  medication
• Fluoride balance
• Excess can cause fluorosis

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Chromium

• Functions of chromium
• Glucose metabolism
• Recommendations AI men-35 ugwo25 ug
• Food sources of chromium
• Mushrooms, dark chocolate, nuts, whole grains

• Molybdenum
• functions as a cofactor in several enzymes
• copper can inhibit absorption
• RDA45 ug

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Other Minerals

• Arsenic
• poison if none in lab animalspoor growth
• Boron
• appears to play a role in bone metabolism
• Nickel
• nickel containing enzymes activate/inhibit
  enzymes
• Silicon
• believed to help strengthen collagen and elastin
• Vanadium
• not sure of the role in body

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Minerals and Water Small Group Questions

• List two functions of water list foods high in
  water if F.V. needs 2200 kcals/day what are her
  overall fluid needs? How many cups of water
  should she drink per day?
• List two factors that affect a minerals
  bioavailability.
• List 3 risk factors for osteoporosis.
• Recommended intake of calcium and sodium
• T.A. has been diagnosed with iron deficiency
  anemia list 2 common symptoms list foods high
  in iron provide ideas for increasing absorption
  of iron