Pregnancy Wastage in

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Pregnancy Wastage in cattle and Buffaloes
Presented by Prof. Dr. Gaber A. Megahed
(B.V. Sc., M. V. Sc. Ph. D) Email gabermegahed_at_
yahoo. COM December 2005 6
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What is the goal of pregnancy ?
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unfortunately
Failure in reproduction will be occurred
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Pregnancy wastage is responsible for most
gestation failures in farm animals . Pregnancy
wastage can be divided into
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Failure of fertilization and Early embryonic
loss. Late embryonic and early fetal death .
Fetal death. Abortion.
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Failure of fertilization
This mean, the cow returns to estrus regularly at
normal interval each insemination.
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Causes
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Early embryonic death

• When the embryo dies before day 14 of the
  estrous cycle then the life span C.L is not
  prolonged and the cow returns to at a normal
  interval.

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Cause

• Genetic defects ? defect in the embryo itself
  there is clearly a lack of cytogenetic evidence
• Deficient maternal environment ? which mediated
  by inadequate luteal function within the first
  few days of conception.
• Sudden changes in diet during the critical early
  embryonic phase which influence upon the uterine
  environment (protein trace elements).

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• Infection and endocrine imbalance create an
  adverse environment with in the uterus that
  prevents the normal development of the embryo.
• Luteal deficiency
• may result in embryonic death
• Stress ( especially heat stress)
• which create imbalance between oxidant and
  antioxidants.

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How can you prevent these early losses?
Two possible approaches in the prevention of
these early losses are 1- GnRH
injection 2-Progesterone supplementation
Before day 6-7 These two approaches leads to
10.3 improvement in pregnancy rate.
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Late embryonic or early fetal death
- About 10 of late embryos die between 14-42
days. A smaller of early fetal death occurs
after this stage. - The lifespan of the CL in all
cases is extended (this means prolonged interval
between successive heats)
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Cause

• The same as those for early embryonic death.
• Genetic abnormality (4.8-26)
• Stress
• Infections causes
• Ageing of ova- Ageing of cow.
• Pregnancy diagnosis.

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N.B-
If large numbers of animals in a herd are
involved and if natural service is used and cows
have a history of a mucopurulent Vulvae discharge
? then campylobacter fetus infection should be
expected.
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Fetal death

• Intrauterine death of the fetus is not followed
  by abortion but the fetus is retained instead.
• It occur between day 43 of gestation and term .

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The consequences are -
Early fetal death ? can be followed by
resorption of fetal fluids, autolysis of fetal
tissue and membranes which are sometimes not
detected.
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1- Stillbirth. 2- Fetal maceration 3-
Mummification 4- Emphysema 5- Abortion.
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Stillbirth
Stillbirth is defined as the birth of a dead calf
after 272 days of gestation. Most stillbirth,
occur during the act of parturition.
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Fetal maceration
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• This occurs as a consequence of fetal death,
  usually in mid- to late gestation, followed by-
• -Regression of C.L and opening of the cervix
• - But the fetus is not aborted and remains in the
  genital tract
• Bacteria enter the genital tract.
• - Its incidence is 0.09 of pregnancies.
• - Maceration with a closed cervix is rare.

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- Usually a chronic, fetid reddish- gray watery
or mucopurulent discharge from vulva over a
period of several week. - may be toxic merits
early but systemic illness sometime occur . -
Gradual might loss. - No satisfactory treatment
. - Poor breeding prognosis due to endometrial
damage.
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Fetal mummification
After fetal death There is resorption of fetal
fluids - Dehydration of fetal tissue and
associated membranes - persistence of the
C.L. Its incidence is 0.43- 1.8 of
pregnancies. This condition occurs in the third
to eighth month of gestation but mostly the
fourth and sixth months.
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• The causes of F. mummification
• Genetic factor ? there is a greater incidence in
  the Jersey, Guernsey breeds
• Torsion or compression of the umbilical cord by
  its passing around a fetal extremity.
• May follow infectious causes of fetal death such
  as campylobacter fetus, molds BVD- MD virus,
  leptospirsis but not brucella.
• Trauma

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From a clinical point of view, this condition
will be identified when a cow
- Fail to calve at the expected time. - Fails to
show udder development. - On rectal palpation , a
hard mass will be identified in the uterus. - No
caruncles or cotyledons will be palpable - There
is a weak of fremitus in the middle uterine
artery.
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Types of Fetal mummification
The hematic type in cattle
The papyraceous type in the other species
Variable amount of hemorrhage occurs Between the
endometrium and fetal Membranes? This occur
after the plasma has been absorbed leaves a
reddish- brown , gummy tenacious mass of cells,
clots and mucus
is not characterized by placental hemorrhage and
the fetus is usually a brownish color and
the fetal membranes are not covered with this
reddish - brown material.
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Handling of mummified fetus (Treatment )

• Termination of pregnancy and delivery of the
  fetus may be a goal of treatment.
• Manual removal of the C.L is effective when the
  ovaries are easy reach (With risk ovarian damage
  or hemorrhage).
• Single dos of PGF2a (25mg) or 0.5 -1.0 mg of its
  analogue given intramuscularly will be expelled
  the fetal mummy within 3-5 days.

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• Total expulsion does not take place (because of
  insufficient lubrication) completely
• Manual removal of the fetus will be occur with
  lubricant followed by
• Uterine irrigation with antibiotic, sometime ,
  use irrigation with 1 2000 acriflavine or normal
  saline
• Intramuscular dose of 10-20mg of ergometrine
• to overcome uterine atony.
• Systemic antibiotic according to animal healthy
  condition
• Breeding prognosis will be good and conceive in
  1-3 months.

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Fetal emphysema
- Similar to maceration - Putrefactive bacteria
invade through open cervix. - Fetal death may be
associated with dystocia. - From the clinical
point of view, the gross fetal changes include
?Putrefaction distension with crepitation and
dry hair. -Fetal emphysema complicating dystocia
commonly Fetal to dam. - May be poor prognosis.
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Abortion

• Abortion is defined as the expulsion of a dead or
  non-viable fetus at any stage of pregnancy before
  the time of normal parturition (late 2nd and 3rd
  trimester).
• Its frequency is normal for 1-2 of pregnant
  cows.
• if the rises to 5 or more it should be
  investigated thoroughly.

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- Causes, clinical finding, pathogenesis,
handling, control and eradication were
presentation in the another presentation?
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Questions ??
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Thank you