Chapter 3 Biosphere

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Chapter 3 Biosphere
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3-1 What is Ecology?

• Ecology - study of how the living and nonliving
  world interacts.
• Organisms and their environment

• Biosphere portions of the planet where all life
  exists
• (land, water, and air)

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Biological Organization

• Individual a single organism of a species

• Population group of individuals of the same
  species living together in a specific area

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Biological Organization

• Community different populations living together
  in a specific area

• Ecosystem - collection of all nonliving and
  living organisms living in a specific place

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Biological Organization

• Biome group of ecosystems that have similar
  climates and communities

• Biosphere - portions of the planet where all life
  exists
• (land, water, and air)

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Methods of study

• Observation using the 5 senses and recording
  our findings

• Experimentation testing the hypothesis done in
  natural or unnatural (labs) environments

• Modeling done when the event or object being
  studies is too large or too far from us.

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Section 3-1 Assessment

• 1. List the six different levels of organization
  ecologists use to study the environment.

• 2. Describe the three basic methods of ecological
  research

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3-2 Energy Flow

• The main energy source for life on Earth is the
  sun.
• How do you and I use the suns energy?

• Those organisms that directly use the suns light
  to produce their own food are called Autotrophs.

• Producers another name for autotrophs on Earth

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Energy Flow

• Not all autotrophs use the suns energy. Some
  rely on other inorganic chemical compounds.

• Those organisms that do get their energy from the
  sun carry out a common process to use light
  energy to carry out chemical rxns.

• These are called chemoautotrophs

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Photosynthesis

• Chemical rxn that converts carbon dioxide and
  water into oxygen and sugars

• 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2
• carbon water light
  sugar oxygen
• dioxide energy

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Chemosynthesis

• Process used by some autotrophs, they use
  chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
• Similar to photosynthesis

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Consumers

• Cannot harness energy directly from the
  environment as autotrophs do, instead they
  acquire energy from other organisms.

• Heterotrophs organisms that rely on other
  organisms for their energy and food supply

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Types of Consumers

• Herbivores obtain energy by eating only plants
  (cattle)

• Carnivores obtain energy by eating other
  animals / meat (wolves)

• Omnivores obtain energy by eating both plant
  and animals (humans)

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Types of Consumers

• Detritivores feed on plant and animal remains
  and other dead matter (earthworms)

• Decomposers break down organic matter
  (bacteria)

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Levels of Consumers

• Trophic Level A step in a food chain or food web

• Primary Consumer These individuals feed on
  producers herbivores

• Secondary Consumer These individuals feed on
  primary consumers carnivores

• Tertiary These individuals feed on secondary
  consumers carnivores

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Feeding Relationships

• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
  direction, it is not a cycle. It begins with the
  sun, then producers, and on to the consumers.

• A diagram showing a single pathway of how energy
  travels through the ecosystem is called a food
  chain.

A diagram showing multiple pathways of how energy
travels through the ecosystem is called a food
web.
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Ecological Pyramids

• Shows the relative amounts of matter in each
  trophic level in the food chain / web

• Energy Pyramid only 10 of the energy stored in
  one trophic level is passed on to the next level
  the remaining 90 is used or lost as heat.

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Ecological Pyramids

• Biomass Pyramid shows the total amount of
  living tissue within a given trophic level
  represents the amount of potential food available
  for each trophic level.

• Numbers Pyramid based on the number of
  individual organisms at each trophic level shape
  is not always a pyramid

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3-2 Section Review

• 1. What is the main form of energy that powers
  living things?

• 2. Briefly describe the flow of energy among
  organisms in an ecosystem.

• 3. What proportion of energy is transferred from
  one trophic level to the next?

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3-3 Cycles

• Unlike energy, matter is recycled within the
  ecosystem

• Biogeochemical cycles show how elements,
  chemicals, and other forms of matter are passed
  from from one organism to another in the
  ecosystem.

• Connects biological, geological, and chemical
  aspects of the biosphere

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Water cycle

• Evaporation process by which water changes from
  liquid to gas form

• Condensation process by which water changes
  from gas to liquid form

• Transpiration process by water evaporates from
  the leaves of plants

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Water cycle

• When it rains, snows, etc. (precipitation) the
  water will
• Runoff to ponds/lakes
• Soak in and become
• Groundwater
• Taken up by roots and transpire
• Evaporate

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Nutrient cycles

• Carbon

• Nitrogen

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Nutrient Limitation

• Primary productivity

• Limiting agent