Confined Space Rescue IDLH Atmosphere Entrant (Primary # 2

1
Confined Space Rescue
2
Training Topics

• I Respiratory Protection Anatomy and Physiology
• II Confined Space Emergencies
• III Toxic Atmosphere Monitoring Equipment
• IV Breathing Apparatus Review
• VI Lifting Systems

3
Training Continued

• VII Confined Space Rescue Practical
  Exercises

4
References

• NFPA 1670 Operations and Training for Technical
  Rescue Incidents
• NFPA 1006 Professional Qualifications for Rescue
  Technicians
• Confined Space and Structural Rope Rescue,
  Michael Roop/Tom Vines/Richard Wright. Mosby
  Press 1997

5
References

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 Compliance Directive for
  Permit Required Confined Spaces
• Technical Rescue Field Operations Guide, Tom
  Pendley. Desert Rescue Research 2000

6
Respiratory Protection
7
The Respiratory Process

• The exchange of gases (O2 CO2) between the
  alveoli the blood occurs by simple diffusion
  O2 diffusing from the alveoli into the blood
  CO2 from the blood into the alveoli.

8
Respiratory Process Cont.

• We do this, of course, by breathing -
  continuously bringing fresh air (with lots of O2
  little CO2) into the lungs the alveoli.
• Breathing is an active process - requiring the
  contraction of skeletal muscles. The primary
  muscles of respiration include the external
  intercostal muscles (located between the ribs)
  and the diaphragm (a sheet of muscle located
  between the thoracic abdominal cavities).

9
The Respiratory Process
10
Confined Space Emergencies

• Confined Space Fatalities
• 90 due to asphyxiation
• 60 of the fatalities are would be rescuers
• Ex.-1990 3 Firefighters die in Pennsylvania from
  Co poisoning from running portable pump

11
Example PA Deaths

• On May 1, 1990, a 39-year-old male volunteer
  firefighter died inside a 33-foot-deep water well
  in Pennsylvania while attempting to pump water
  out of the well. Also, two male volunteer
  firefighters (ages 40 and 20) died attempting
  rescue.
• http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/injury/traumacsface.html
  1990 (other examples)

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C-Space Definition

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146
• An OSHA confined space is defined as
• A.-A space large enough for personnel to
  physically enter
• B.-Not designed for continuous occupancy
• C.-An area with limited entry and egress

13
Examples

• Examples include but are not limited to
• Storage tanks, process vessels, bins, silos,
  boilers, ventilation/exhaust ducts, sewers,
  pipes, electrical vaults, steam tunnels,
  underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines,
  manure pits, elevator shafts, etc. etc. etc.

14
Permit Required C-Space

• A confined space permit is required if the space
  has one or more of the following hazards
• 1. Atmospheric hazards
• 2. Configuration hazards
• 3. Engulfment hazard
• 4. Any other recognized hazard

15
Non-Permit C-Space

• A non-permit required confined space is
• 1. Spaces that do not contain, nor has the
  potential to contain, any uncontrolled hazards
  capable of causing death or serious physical harm
• 2. Space in which all the hazards in a permit
  space can be eliminated

16
C-Space Entry Risk Profile

• A permit required confined space has less risk if
  it meets the following criteria
• A. The internal configuration of the space is
  clear and unobstructed so retrieval systems can
  be used for rescuers without the possibility of
  entanglement

17
Entry Risk Pro-file cont.

• B. The victim can be easily seen from the outside
  the spaces primary access opening
• C. Rescuers can pass easily through access/egress
  opening(s) with room to spare with appropriate
  PPE
• D. The space can accommodate two or more rescuers
  in addition to the victim
• E. All hazards in and around the space have been
  IDd , isolated and controlled

18
C-Space Entry Risk Profile

• A permit required confined space has more risk if
  any of the following conditions or other
  hazardous conditions exist
• A. Presence of downed rescuer
• B. Victims location and condition are unknown
• C.-Hazards are known to exist that cannot be
  completely isolated or controlled

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Entry Risk Profile cont.

• D. The internal configuration of the space makes
  line management difficult and hinders retrieval
  of lines by rescuers
• (Interpreted from NFPA 1670)

20
C-Space Hazards

• It should always be considered that the most
  unfavorable situation exists in every confined
  space and that the danger of explosion,
  poisoning, and asphyxiation will be present at
  the onset of the emergency

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Hazard Types

• Hazards specific to a confined space are dictated
  by
• 1.-The material stored or used in the confined
  space
• Ex. Damp activated carbon in a filtration tank
  will absorb oxygen, creating an oxygen deficient
  atmosphere

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Hazard Types cont

• 2-The activity carried out
• Such as the fermentation of molasses that creates
  ethyl alcohol vapors and decrease the oxygen
  content of the atmosphere

23
Hazard Types cont

• 3-The external environment
• As in the case of sewer systems that may be
  affected by rising water, heavier than air gases,
  or flash floods
• The most hazardous kind of confined space is the
  type that combines limited access and mechanical
  devices

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C-Space Hazard Groups

• Confined space hazards can be grouped into the
  following categories
• 1. Oxygen deficient atmosphere
• 2. Flammable atmospheres
• 3. Toxic atmospheres
• 4. Mechanical and physical hazards

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Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere

• Normal atmosphere composed of 20.9 oxygen, 78.1
  nitrogen and 1 argon
• An atmosphere containing less than 19.5 oxygen
  shall be considered oxygen deficient
• O2 levels inside confined spaces may be
  decreased as the result of consumption or
  displacement

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Effects of decreasing O2 Levels

• Level of 17
• Increased respiratory rate, impaired coordination
• Between 14-16
• Increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, rapid
  fatigue
• Between 6-10
• Nausea, emesis, unconsciousness, 8 min.s 100
  fatal
• Less than 6
• Spasmatic breathing, death in minutes

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Consumption of O2

• Takes place during combustion of flammable
  substances (welding, cutting, brazing)
• During bacterial action (fermentation process)
• During chemical reactions as in the formation of
  rust (iron oxide)

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Displacement of O2

• Gas that displaces oxygen and therefore reduce
  the O2 levels (helium, argon, nitrogen)
• Nitrogen, argon, helium and carbon dioxide are
  used as inerting agents to displace flammable
  substances and retard pyrophoric reactions

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O2 Enriched Environment

• An atmosphere containing more than 23.5 of
  oxygen is oxygen enriched and enhances the
  flammability of combustibles
• Flammable materials such as clothing and hair
  burn violently when ignited

30
Flammable Atmospheres

• Arise from enriched O2 atmospheres, vaporization
  of flammable liquids, byproducts of work,
  chemical reactions or concentrations of
  combustible dust
• Work conducted in a c-space can generate
  flammable atmospheres (painting, coatings,
  solvents for cleaning)

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Flammable Atmosphere Terms

• Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a
  liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air near
  the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash
  point, the easier it is to ignite the material
• (at the flash point, the flame does not need to
  be sustained).

32
Example

• Gasoline has a flash point of -50 degrees F (-45
  C) and is more flammable than ethylene glycol
  (antifreeze) which has a flash point of 111
  degrees C (232 F)

33
Flammable Atmosphere Terms

• Fire point, the temperature at which the flame
  becomes self-sustained so as to continue burning
  the liquid
• The fire point is usually a few degrees above the
  flash point

34
Flammable Atmosphere Terms

• Flammable limits apply generally to vapors and
  are defined as the concentration range in which a
  flammable substance can produce a fire or
  explosion when an ignition source (such as a
  spark or open flame) is present
• The concentration is generally expressed as
  percent fuel by volume

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UEL/LEL

• Upper flammable limit (UFL) the mixture of
  substance and air is too rich in fuel (deficient
  in oxygen) to burn. This is sometimes called the
  upper explosive limit (UEL)
• Lower flammable limit (LFL) the mixture of
  substance and air lacks sufficient fuel
  (substance) to burn. This is sometimes called the
  lower explosive limit (LEL)

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Example UEL/LEL

• It is usually quite easy to reach the lower
  flammable limit. There are numerous cases where
  individuals have used a solvent, sealer, or other
  flammable materials in a basement or closed room
  with inadequate ventilation...and have been
  injured when the vapors were ignited by a pilot
  light, electric spark or other ignition source

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Example UEL/LEL

• Newcastle in September of 2003
• A pipe fitter left an acetylene cylinder inside
  his vehicle over the weekend. Either the cylinder
  had a small leak or the valve was not fully
  closed. The flammable limits for acetylene are
  extremely broad, 2.5 to 100 in air
• When the worker opened the door, an undetermined
  spark source (the door light switch, light bulb,
  cellular phone, static etc.) ignited the mixture
  with catastrophic results

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Acetylene Explosion







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Flammable Atmosphere Terms

• Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is the maximum
  amount or concentration of a chemical that a
  worker may be exposed to under OSHA Regulations
• 8-hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA) - are an
  average value of exposure over the course of an 8
  hour work shift

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Flammable Atmosphere Terms

• Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)
  atmospheres poses an immediate threat to life,
  would cause, irreversible adverse health effects,
  or would impair an individual's ability to escape
  from a dangerous atmosphere

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Flammable Atmospheres

• Flammable gases such as acetylene, butane,
  propane, hydrogen, methane, natural or
  manufactured gases or vapors from hydrocarbons
  can be trapped in c-spaces
• Gases heavier than air will seek lower levels as
  in pits, sewers, storage tanks/vessels

42
Flammable Atmospheres

• In a closed top tank, lighter than air gases may
  rise and develop a flammable concentration if
  trapped ABOVE the opening
• Combustible dust concentrations are found during
  loading/offloading, conveying grain products,
  nitrated fertilizers and finely ground chemical
  products

43
Toxic Atmospheres

• The source of toxic atmospheres encountered in
  c-spaces may arise from
• Manufacturing process
• Product stored
• Operation performed in the c-space

44
Toxic Atmospheres

• Carbon Monoxide
• Odorless, colorless gas, approximately the same
  density of air
• Formed from incomplete combustion of organic
  materials
• Can be formed from mircobial decomposition of
  organic materials in sewers/silos and
  fermentation tanks

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Measuring Toxicity

• Measured in terms of permissible exposure limit
  (PEL)
• PEL is the concentration of a toxin that most
  people could safely be exposed to for an 8 hour
  period
• Any toxin in a confined space greater than its
  PEL is hazardous

46
Irritant (Corrosive) Atmospheres

• Irritant gases vary widely among all areas of
  industrial activity
• They can be found in plastic plants, chemical
  plants, petroleum industry, tanneries,
  refrigeration industries, paint manufacturing and
  mining operations

47
Irritant (Corrosive) Atmospheres

• Prolonged exposure at irritant or corrosive
  concentrations in a c-space may produce little or
  no evidence of irritation
• Danger in this situation is that worker is
  usually not aware of any toxic exposure
• Examples nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
  ammonia

48
Mechanical/Physical Hazards

• Vibrations/moving machinery
• Augers, hydraulics, steam, etc.
• Noise
• Noise problems intensified in c-space because
  interior causes sound to reverberate
• May disrupt verbal communication with emergency
  personnel on the exterior of the space

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Toxic Atmosphere Monitoring Equipment

• Atmospheric monitoring should take place
  continuously or at frequent intervals during the
  rescue operation
• All atmospheric monitoring equipment should meet
  OSHA standards
• Equipment should be calibrated according to
  manufacturers recommendations

50
Atmospheric Testing Procedures

• First set of tests should be performed by remote
  probe prior to entering the space
• All levels of the space need to be metered due
  to vapor densities (weight of a vapor compared to
  air)

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Principles of Air Monitoring

• Calibrate meters to manufacturers spec
• If O2 level is not normal, flammability readings
  will be affected
• Spaces may have stratified atmospheres, all
  levels of space must be metered
• Allow for air intake in sampling hose/probe,
  approx. 1 sec per foot of hose
• 10,000 ppm 1

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Meters

• O2
• Co
• LEL
• H2S

Should include at a minimum audible and visual
alarms
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Oxygen Levels

• According to OSHA, air containing less than 19.5
  or more than 23 oxygen is unacceptable
• If oxygen level is not normal, flammability
  readings will be effected

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Atmosphere Flammability

• Measured in the of the lower explosive limit
  (LEL)
• The LEL is the lowest concentration of a product
  that will explode or burn when it contacts a
  source of ignition of sufficient temperature
• OSHA -gt C-space is hazardous if it contains more
  than 10 of the LEL

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Lower Explosive Limit LEL

• A flammable gas must reach 100 of its LEL to
  ignite and burn
• Meters are usually calibrated with a flammable
  gas such as methane, heptane or pentane

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Lower Explosive Limit LEL

• Methane LEL -gt approximately 5
• Different gases have different LELs
• Meter calibrated to methane will give an
  inaccurate reading for a gas with a different LEL
• Meter reading of 10 or less of the LEL should
  ensure that an atmosphere is below the LEL of
  most gases

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Common Gas Examples

• Methane (CH4)
• Natural, marsh, swamp gas
• Lighter than air, (0.6)
• LEL 5 , UEL 15
• Nitrogen (N2)
• Colorless, odorless gas
• Slightly lighter than air, (0.97)
• May displace oxygen

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Common Gases

• Carbon monoxide (Co)
• Colorless, odorless gas
• Slightly lighter than air (0.97)
• PEL 50 ppm
• TWA 25 ppm
• LEL 12.5 , UEL 74. 2
• IDLH 1500 ppm

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Common Gases

• Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
• Sewer gas (rotten eggs)
• Produces olfactory fatigue (loss of smell)
• Odor thresh hold 0.02-0.2 ppm
• Colorless flammable gas
• LEL 4.3 , UEL 46
• Heavier than air (1.18)

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Hydrogen Sulfide Cont

• PEL 20 ppm
• TWA 10 ppm
• IDLH 300 ppm

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Toxic Atmospheres

• Known materials
• -Use meter specific to that chemical to test for
  these products
• Unknown materials
• -Use meters to take readings and narrow the
  spectrum of chemicals
• -Broad spectrum analysis
• -Colormetric tubes

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Hazard Abatement
63
Hazard Reduction

• Reducing or abating hazards of a confined space
  emergency is essential before entry is safe
• In addition to protective equipment, SCBA, other
  measures should be taken externally
• OSHA requires that measures be taken before
  permit spaces are entered

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Electrical

• Usually isolated by a combination of
• 1. Turning it off at the source and securing it
  with a lock device (lockout)
• 2. Placing a warning of some type on the switch
  to deter someone from trying to turn it on
  (tag-out)

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Hydraulic

• Includes liquids, finely divided solids that if
  not secured may cause exposure or engulfment
• Usually isolated by
• 1. Shutting off valves (blocking)
• 2. Should be shut off in two locations

66
Mechanical

• Hazards in the space or introduced into the space
• Includes energy from
• Augers, blades, conveyer belts, gears, flywheels,
  and anything mechanical
• Need to be locked out/tagged out

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Ventilation
68
Why Ventilate??

• When atmospheric conditions is a c-space do not
  meet the limits for O2, flammability and toxic
  vapors, the c-space must be ventilated to bring
  the atmosphere into those limits.

69
Methods of Ventilation

• 1. Positive Pressure (Supply)
• 2. Negative Pressure (Exhaust)
• 3. Positive negative push pull

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Positive Pressure (Supply)

• Direction of fresh air flow into space creating a
  positive pressure diluting any contaminants by
  the addition of fresh air
• Electrically operated fans should be used to
  prevent unacceptable levels of Co into space by
  use of gasoline blowers
• Air flow should be introduced into the space and
  the flow should be at the level at which rescuers
  will be working

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Positive Pressure

• Fan should be allowed to operate long enough to
  exchange the air content of the space several
  times
• Capacity of fan in cubic feet per minute (CFM)
  divided into the volume of the space in cubic
  feet the time it takes to exchange air one time

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Positive Pressure (Supply)

• Positive pressure (supply) can force air into
  space 30 times the distance exhaust (negative)
  pressure can draw it

73
Examples

• Super Vac's AirPac 25 duct canister allows the
  25 ft. x 8 in. duct to be easily stored and
  rapidly deployed

74
Negative Pressure (Exhaust)

• Exhausts contaminants from the space (using
  negative pressure) by pulling contaminated air
  out of a space
• A slight vacuum is created that can draw other
  contaminants into the space
• May draw flammable gases over motor

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Positive-negative/push-pull

• Flushes the atmosphere by supplying and
  exhausting large volumes of air
• Two portals must be present, positive air flow
  into space while negative pressure pulls
  contaminants out
• Most effective method for ventilation
• Consider where the contaminated exhaust is going
  and if it will pose an additional hazard

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Respiratory Protection
77
Types of SCBA

• OSHA CFR 1910 direct that unless the cause of the
  emergency can be established as NOT atmosphere
  related, fresh air breathing apparatus must be
  worn
• Types
• Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
• Supplied air respirator (SAR)

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Self Contained Breathing Apparatus

• Positive pressure since 1983
• Prevents contamination of the air inside the face
  piece if a leak occurs in the face pieces seal
• Limited amount of air supply (based on wearers
  personal characteristics)

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Supplied Air Respirators

• During C-space rescue, conventional SCBAs size
  often makes it difficult to use
• SCBA small enough to pass through narrow openings
  may limit duration of its air supply to
  impractical levels
• Supplied Air Respirators are a viable option

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SAR Components

• SAR consists of
• Open circuit face piece
• Regulator
• Egress cylinder attached via a low-pressure air
  line to remote source air supply (restricted to
  maximum distance allowed by manufacturers,
  usually no more than 300 feet from point of
  attachment)

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SAR Components

• OSHA requires an SAR used in an atmosphere that
  is immediately dangerous to life and health
  (IDLH) have an additional supply
• Must be capable of providing enough air for the
  wearer to escape the atmosphere in the event the
  primary supply is interrupted

82
SAR Components

• Escape requirement addressed by attaching small
  breathing air cylinder rated at 5 minutes to the
  SAR unit
• 5 minute cylinder are intended to provide enough
  air for escape although they may be incapable of
  doing so

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Egress cylinder
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SAR
85
Air Carts
86
Survivair Air Cart

• Contains up to two independently operated
  30-,45-, or 60-minute high pressure (4500 psi)
  cylinders
• Or to two independently operated 30 minute low
  pressure (2216 psi) cylinders
• An optional accessory case can hold a variety of
  Hip-Pac and hose combinations

87
Survivair Air Cart

• Two inlets allow regulated or unregulated
  external air sources to be used
• Built-in manifold has four Foster or Schrader
  quick-disconnect couplings to supply air for up
  to four workers
• Used in any confined space where an SCBA would
  reduce or restrict worker movement

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Yellow Rescuer
Red Rescuer
89
AIR LINE MANAGEMENT
90
OSHA Respiratory Standard

• 1910.134(e)(3)(iii) requires, when an IDLH
  atmosphere exists, A stand by man or men with
  suitable self contained breathing apparatus shall
  be at the nearest fresh air base for emergency
  rescue

91
Safe Respiratory Work Practices

• 1. Rescuers should immediately withdrawal from
  space whenever a respiratory problem develops
• 2. Rescuers should wear full a full body harness
  and use life lines when ever practical
• 3. Minimum capacity of of the source air should
  be twice the volume of the total needs of all
  rescuers connected to it for the anticipated
  duration of the rescuers entry

92
Safe Work Practices cont

• 4. A minimum team of two rescuers should be
  utilized for all permit space rescue entries

93
Lifting/Raising Systems
94
Miller Tripod

• Miller Tripods provide a highly portable
  anchorage system for typical confined space entry
  and rescue systems
• Made of high-strength aluminum, the tripod
  withstands up to 5,000 lbs of pull yet weights
  only 42 lbs
• Legs lock independently and adjust with integral
  push pins allowing set up on uneven surfaces

95
SKED EVAC Tripod

• Features aircraft-grade, gold-anodized aluminum
  legs and a cast-aluminum head
• Three heavy-duty rigging anchors have
  exceptionally large holes for easy attachment and
  are located in the center

96
SKED EVAC Tripod

• Legs adjust in 5-inch increments for a maximum
  height of 10 feet and a minimum length for
  transport of 7 feet
• Holes in the feet allow the tripod to be bolted
  into position
• 119 inch height / 5,280 lbs (23kN)

97
SKED EVAC Tripod
98
Ladder A-Frames
99
(No Transcript)
100
Mechanical Advantage Systems
101
Retrieval Systems

• 1910.146 (k)(3) requires that retrieval systems
  be used except when the retrieval equipment would
  increase the risk to an entrant or would not
  contribute to the rescue of an entrant.
• When a retrieval system is not used, alternate
  methods of retrieval must be developed.

102
Retrieval Systems
Red Rescuer
Yellow Rescuer
103
Retrieval Systems
104
Primary Rescuer in the space, secondary rescuer
being lowered in on retrieval system and a safety.
105
MA Systems

• Rescuer hauler 41 system
• 3-inch double pulley with a cam
• rope can move in only one direction when the cam
  is engaged
• allows rescuer to raise a load by pulling on the
  tail end of the rope, releasing it, and getting
  another grip

106
MA Systems

• Rescuer hauler 41
• cam can be released manually by pulling on the
  attached cord
• accommodates rope sizes from 3/8 (10mm) to 1/2
  (12/5mm).
• Minimum break strength when in use is 12,000 lb

107
Rescuer Hauler 41
108
MA Systems
109
11 COD
110
21 MA System
111
31 MA System
112
61 MA System
113
Patient Evacuation Devices
114
Patient Evacuation Devices

• Patient packaging devices that can be used in
  confined spaces include but are not limited to
  the following
• Full spine immobilization devices
• Short spine immobilization devices
• Litters
• Prefabricated full body harnesses
• Tied full body harnesses
• Wrist loops (wristlets)

115
Prefabricated Class III Harnesses
116
C-Space Practical Exercises
117
C-Space Rescue

• Priority 1 Make the scene safe
• Assess hazards
• Mitigate hazards Control or remove hazards
• Priority 2 Victim contact by Primary Rescuer
• Establish victim location
• Perform initial assessment if possible
• Determine mechanism of injury
• Begin psychological first aid

118
C-Space Rescue

• Priority 3 Size-up
• -Gather information MSDS, etc.
• -Risk benefit analysis (Go/no-go)
• -Implement ICS
• -Team member assignments (support personnel,
  ventilation, monitoring, air watch, decon, etc.)
• Priority 4 Preparation
• -Rescuer PPE
• -Anchoring rigging rescue equipment
• -Authorized entrant review

119
C-Space Rescue

• Priority 5 Access Victim
• -Designate Rescue Sector Officer
• -Utilize rescuer retrieval (high point)
• -Designate stand-by personnel
• Priority 6 Stabilize and package victim
• -Provide first aid to life threatening injuries
• -Secure packaging for rescue transport

120
C-Space Rescue

• Priority 7 Evacuate
• -Move victim to safe location
• -Provide medical report to EMS
• -Remove rescuers from space
• Priority 8 Response Termination
• -Take up/inventory gear
• -Decon if necessary
• -Rebuild gear packs (if necessary)

121
LINE MANAGEMENT IS CRITICAL IN ANY CSPACE ENTRY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
122
Rescue Response

• Non-IDLH Atmosphere
• Incident Commander
• Rescue Sector Officer
• Entry Supervisor
• Verifies tests required are complete
• Determines that space remains safe during work
• Removes unauthorized persons from space area
• Terminates entry if conditions are poor/degrading

123
Rescue Response

• Attendant
• Knows space hazards
• Knows effects of exposure
• Remains outside space at all times
• Communicates with entrant(s)
• Monitors entry activities
• Calls RESCUE if needed
• Prevents unauthorized entry
• Performs no conflicting duties

124
Rescue Response

• Entrant (Primary)
• Knows space hazards
• Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
• Recognizes effects of exposure
• Uses proper PPE
• Communicates with attendant
• Alerts attendants of hazards

125
Rescue Response

• Entrant (Stand-by)
• Knows space hazards
• Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
• Recognizes effects of exposure
• Uses proper PPE
• Communicates with attendant
• Alerts attendants of hazards
• Rescuer for primary entrant

126
Rescue Response

• Support Personnel
• Ventilation/metering/air watch/decon, etc.
• Safety Officer
• Oversees scene for safety hazards
• In matters of safety, has authority over the
  incident commander
• During rescue, each rescuer should consider
  him/herself equally responsible for safety

127
IDLH Atmosphere

• Incident Commander
• Rescue Sector Officer
• Entry Supervisor
• Verifies tests required are complete
• Determines that space remains safe during work
• Removes unauthorized persons from space area
• Terminates entry if conditions are poor/degrading

128
IDLH Atmosphere

• Attendant
• Knows space hazards
• Knows effects of exposure
• Remains outside space at all times
• Communicates with entrant(s)
• Monitors entry activities
• Calls RESCUE if needed
• Prevents unauthorized entry
• Performs no conflicting duties

129
IDLH Atmosphere

• Entrant (Primary 1)
• Knows space hazards
• Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
• Recognizes effects of exposure
• Uses proper PPE
• Communicates with attendant
• Alerts attendants of hazards

130
IDLH Atmosphere

• Entrant (Primary 2)
• Knows space hazards
• Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
• Recognizes effects of exposure
• Uses proper PPE
• Communicates with attendant
• Alerts attendants of hazards

131
IDLH Atmosphere

• Entrant (Stand-by 1)
• Knows space hazards
• Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
• Recognizes effects of exposure
• Uses proper PPE
• Communicates with attendant
• Alerts attendants of hazards
• Rescuer for primary entrant

132
IDLH Atmosphere

• Entrant (Stand-by 2)
• Knows space hazards
• Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms
• Recognizes effects of exposure
• Uses proper PPE
• Communicates with attendant
• Alerts attendants of hazards
• Rescuer for primary entrant

133
IDLH Atmosphere

• Support Personnel
• Ventilation/metering/air watch/decon, etc.
• Safety Officer
• Oversees scene for safety hazards
• In matters of safety, has authority over the
  incident commander
• During rescue, each rescuer should consider
  him/herself equally responsible for safety

134
Wrap Up

• Questions
• Practical Exercises
• Knot Review
• SCBA Review/diminished profile
• Harnesses/SKED lashing
• A-Frames/Gin Pole construction
• Confined space exercises