Cultural value & dimensions

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Cultural value dimensions
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Topics

• Cultural value dimensions
• Masculinity/Femininity
• Power distance
• Long term orientation
• Achievement v.s ascription
• Universalistic v.s particularistic
• Specific v.s. diffuse
• Affective v.s. neutral

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Masculinity and Femininity

• Masculinity- refers to assertiveness,
  materialism, and a lack of concern for others
• Femininity- refer to a concern for others, for
  relationships, and for the quality of life
• In the GLOBE study, gender egalitarianism
  measures roles men and women are suited for
• Denmark and New Zealand most gender egalitarian
  Eastern Europe and Nordic Europe
• Iran and Qatar are the least gender egalitarian
  Middle East, Confucian Asia, Germanic Europe

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• In masculine cultures, there is division of
  gender roles
• Masculine cultures emphasize on work goals
  (earnings) and achievement
• In feminine cultures, the social gender roles
  overlap
• Feminine cultures emphasize on having a good
  working relationship with direct superior and
  cooperating well with one another

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Major Differences between Feminine and
Masculine Cultures
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Power distance

• Refer to the level of acceptance by a society of
  the unequal distribution of power in institution
• In large power distance cultures, superiors and
  subordinates consider each other as existentially
  unequal ? organizations centralize powers as much
  as possible in few hands at the upper level
• Subordinates expect to be told what to do, the
  ideal boss plays the benevolent autocratic role
• Rewards and punishments based on age, rank,
  status, title and seniority

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Power distance

• In small power distance cultures, the
  hierarchical system is just an inequality of
  roles, established for convenience roles may be
  changed. ? Organizations are fairly decentralized
• Small power distance cultures value equal power
  distribution, equal rights and relations, and
  equitable rewards and punishments based on
  performance

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Major Differences between Small Power Distance
and Large Power Distance Cultures
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Long-term orientation

• Based on Confucian dynamism dimension underlying
  Chinese values, attitudes and behavior
• Long-term orientation refers to the extent to
  which members of a culture accept delayed
  gratification of their material, social and
  emotional needs

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Short-Term vs Long-Term Orientation
Characteristics
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Power Distance and Individualism
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Power Distance and Uncertainty Avoidance
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Hofstede country comparisons
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Achievement v.s. Ascription

• Refers to the source of power and status in
  society
• In achievement society status and power is based
  on individual achievement (job performance, level
  of education, experience)
• In ascription society, status are ascribed on the
  basis of class, age, gender
• People from ascription society tend to live up to
  their ascribed status

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Universalistic v.s Particularistic

• Refers to how we judge others behavior
• Universalistic cultures apply rules and system
  objectively, without consideration for individual
  circumstances ? all persons falling under the
  rule should be treated the same
• Particularistic cultures puts the obligation on
  relationships and is more subjective ? people in
  this culture are more likely to pass on insider
  information to a friend

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Universalistic v.s Particularistic

• In particularistic cultures, judgments focus on
  the exceptional nature of present circumstances ?
  must sustain, protect or discount this person no
  matter what the rules say
• A universalist will think of particularists as
  they cannot be trusted because they will always
  help their friends.
• A particularist conversely think of universalists
  as you cannot trust them they would not even
  help a friend.

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Affective v.s. Neutral

• In cultures high on affectivity, people would
  openly express emotions
• In cultures high on neutrality, emotions and
  feelings are controlled
• Humor and jokes help to loose up the audiences in
  US and England but not in a professional setting
  in Germany
• Raising voice for important issues is seen as a
  sign of extra concern in Nigeria, but a sign of
  loss face in Malaysia

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Specific v.s. Diffuse

• Refers to involvement in relationships
• Specific-oriented cultures separate work and
  personal issues and relationship. Businesses are
  impersonal
• Diffuse-oriented cultures spill work into
  personal relationships and vice versa.

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Independent and Interdependent Self-construal

• Exist within each individual regardless of his or
  her cultural identity
• Refer to the degree to which people conceive of
  themselves as separate or connected to others
  respectively
• Independent construal of self an individual is a
  unique entity with an individuated collection of
  feelings, cognitions, and motivations
• Interdependent construal of self importance of
  relational connectedness

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Characteristics of the Independent Self and the
Interdependent Self
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Personal self-esteem vs collective self-esteem

• Personal self-esteem (independent self) feeling
  good about oneself requires fulfilling the tasks
  associated with being an independent, being
  unique, expressing ones inner attributes, and
  asserting oneself
• Collective self-esteem (interdependent self)
  feeling good about oneself derives from
  fulfilling the tasks associated with being
  interdependent with relevant others such as
  belonging, fitting in, occupying ones proper
  place, promoting others goal, and maintaining
  harmony