12,000 Years of Native American History

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• 12,000 Years of Native American History
• Bob Shamy

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Part 1 Using Anthropology as the Scientific
Basis for the Study of Culture

• Part 2
• New Jersey History 12000 BP to
• European Contact

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What is Anthropology?

• Physical Anthropology
• Primatology
• The study of primates.
• Paleoanthropology
• The study of human evolution
• Human Variation Studies The study of the
  physical differences in humans.

• Cultural Anthropology
• A.K.A. Ethnology
• Ethnography
• A.K.A. Participant Observation
• Linguistics
• Archaeology

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What is Culture?
The Culture Concept Culture is understood as
the learned body of knowledge, beliefs, and
customs that people use to organize their natural
and social environments.

• Material Traits
• Tools
• Clothing
• Housing
• ETC.

• Non-Material Traits
• Attitudes
• Behaviors
• Beliefs
• ETC.

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Culture No overall consensus as to its
meaningover 300 definitions.

• An Autonomous Population Unit
• Distinct Cultural Characteristics
• Shared Traditions

• Problems
• Cannot Define Cultural Boundaries
• Cultures are Not Closed and Self-Contained
• Cultures are in Constant Contact and Change
• Cultures are Provisional and Transitory
• Many are Extinct

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• Culture is a Survival Mechanism
• An infinite variation in cultural expression, but
  each meets a certain need Food, Shelter,
  Resolve Conflict, Solace, etc.

• A blueprint of our customs and ideas for living.
• It is packaged and delivered by symbols.
• It is pervasive - we are often unaware but it
  surrounds and envelops us.
• Items and ideas meld together and make sense.

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Fine Arts Storytelling Subsistence
Pattern Dancing-Games-Cooking-Dress Observable
Material Elements May Include Behavioral
Characteristics, i.e. Religion, Handshakes, etc.

Surface Culture
Deep Culture
Conception of Beauty Ideals of Governing
Patterns of Raising Children Notions of Modesty
Cosmology Relationship to Animals Patterns of
Superior/Subordinate Relations Courtship
Practices Conception of Justice Incentives to
Work Notions of Leadership Tempo of Work
Patterns of Group Decision Making Conception of
Status Mobility (Class, Caste, etc.) Eye
Behavior Roles in Relation to Status by Age, Sex,
Class, Occupation, Kinship, etc. Conversational
Patterns in Various Social Contexts Conception
of Past and Future Nature of Friendship
Conception of Self Preference for Competition
or Cooperation Patterns of Handling Emotions AND
MUCH, MUCH MORE
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• Cultural Anthropology-Ethnology
• Ethnography-Participant Observation
• Social Organization
• Subsistence Pattern
• Economic Pattern
• Political Organization
• Religion
• ETC.

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ETHNOCENTRISM/CULTURAL BIAS
Do these concepts inherently reinforce bias when
we teach history?
UNDEVELOPED/DEVELOPED
PRIMITIVE
RACE
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Who Were the Indians of New Jersey?
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How do we know where a glacier stops?
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Ice sheet on Ellsmere Island, Canada
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From Tundra Semi-frozen Sub
Arctic Plain
To Deciduous Forests
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Changing Flora and Fauna Over Time
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The Shoreline 18,000 Years Ago
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New Jersey During the Late Pleistocene Epoch
Circa 15,000-10,000 BP
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Glacial Age Fauna
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Hypothetical Eastern Woodland Local Sequence in
Archaeology
Woodland Period
2000 BP
Archaic Period
8000 BP
Paleo Indian Period
12000 BP
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Artifact Typology
An Alachua Point Range 5000-2000 BP
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An Archaeological Local Sequence
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The Evolution of Projectile Point Typology
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An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ
Woodland Period
Circa 1000 BP
Raising Corn, Beans and Squash
Circa 2000 BP
Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
Circa 3000 BP
Pottery
Semi Nomadic
Circa 8000 BP
Paleo Indians Nomadic Herd Hunters
Circa 12000 BP
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Paleo Indians And Mega Fauna
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PALEO INDIAN TOOL KIT
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Paleo Indian Projectile Points
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An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ
Woodland Period
Circa 1000 BP
Raising Corn, Beans and Squash
Circa 2000 BP
Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
Circa 3000 BP
Pottery
Semi Nomadic
Seasonal Campgrounds
Circa 8000 BP
Paleo Indians
Nomadic Herd Hunters
Circa 12000 BP
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ARCHAIC PERIOD POINTS
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The Style and Diversity of Projectile Points and
Tool Kits Expands With Each Period
Tools became varied and include more ground,
polished and bone tools. They developed grooved
axes, pestles, etc. Fishing becomes more
important and net sinkers and fish hooks appear.
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An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ
Woodland Period
Circa 1000 BP
Raising Corn, Beans and Squash
Circa 2000 BP
Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
Circa 3000 BP
Pottery
Semi Nomadic
Circa 8000 BP
Paleo Indians
Nomadic Herd Hunters
Circa 12000 BP
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A Mississippian Monolithic Ax L 13" Spiro
MoundsLe Flore Co., OK Under 10 have been found
nationwide.
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Burial and Ceremonial Mounds
Great Serpent Mound Ohio
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Locations of Mound in the Mississippi Ohio Valleys
The Mound Builders Heavily Influenced the Native
Cultures in the East Coast
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The Three Sisters of the Garden
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WOODLAND POINTS
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Woodland Period Pottery
Early
Middle
Late






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Guns, Germs and Steel The First Globalization
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EUROPEAN CONTACT
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FROM THIS
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TO THIS
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COLONIAL ARTIFACTS
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18th and 19TH CENTURY HOMES
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LIGHTING
BOTTLE AND GLASS MANUFACTURE