Title: Native Americans of Georgia
1Native Americans of Georgia
- What was the Influence of Native Americans on the
History and Development of Georgia?
2Where Did They Come From?
- Where did the people to be called Native
Americans come from? - Scientists believe that they came from Asia and
crossed the Bering Straits during the last ice
age. Massive glaciers removed so much water from
the seas that a land bridge between the Asian
and North American continents appeared.
www.americanindian.net/ links7.html
3Prehistoric Indians of Georgia
- There were four time periods of Indian life in
prehistoric Georgia - Paleo Period 10,000 BC to 8000 BC
- Archaic Period 8000 BC to 1000 BC
- Woodland Period 1000 BC to 1000 AD
- Mississippian Period 1000 to 1600 AD
4Paleo Indians10,000 B.C. to 8000 B. C.
http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/ssteller.htm
5Weapons of the Paleo Indians
- Made from antlers and rocks
- Knives, spearheads, and axes
- Used cane or tree trunks for shafts
- Clovis Points were the earliest known spear
points of the Paleo Indians
6Clovis Point
- These points were made from flint rocks using a
technique called flint knapping. - Clovis point found at Ocmulgee site in Georgia
http//www.stlcc.edu/fv/users/mfuller/martens/Pott
ery.html
7Paleo Food Sources
- Hunted large game such as the mammoth, the
mastodon, giant bison, giant sloths, and other
large mammals. - They hunted in groups and had to get very close
to their game in order to kill it (they were
using spears, see picture on page 43). - Any fruits or vegetables they ate, were ones they
found while foraging.
8The Game
- Over 9 feet tall at the shoulder
- Over 15 feet long from tusk to tail
- The longest tusks found were over 17 feet in
length. - Heavier than the mastodons.
- Stood from 6 to 9 feet tall at the shoulder.
- Were up to 15 feet long from tusk to tail.
- Evolved from the wooly mammoth.
http//www.unmuseum.org/mastodon.htm
9- The giant sloths weighed about 100 pounds.
- They became extinct about 10,000 years ago.
- Hunting pressure and environmental changes due to
climate changes.
- They were about twice as big as our modern day
buffalo. - Their horns could be seven feet from tip to tip
(modern buffalo will reach about 2 feet).
http//www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/slot
h.html
10Shelter of the Paleo Indians
- Paleo Indians were nomadic, they moved from place
to place, following animals they killed for food. - They did not build permanent houses, but rather
lived in shallow pits or crude shelters covered
with animal skins or tree bark.
http//www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/crsmith/anth7_paleo.
html
11Religion and the Paleo Indian
- There is only limited evidence of religious
practices of the Paleo Indians living in Georgia. - Two skeletons were found buried with several
artifacts and covered with a red powder. - This suggested that they practiced some form of
burial ceremony.
12Lifestyle of the Paleo Indians
- They lived in small family groups, usually no
more than 20 to 30 people per group. - The family groups were small because they could
not get enough food (animals they killed plus
nuts and berries they gathered) to support larger
numbers. - They usually only lived to be 30 to 40 years old
due to disease and accidental death (for example
- being stepped on by a mastodon). - LIVED DURING THE END OF THE ICE AGE
13Prehistoric Indians of Georgia
- There were four time periods of Indian life in
prehistoric Georgia - Paleo Period 10,000 BC to 8000 BC
- Archaic Period 8000 BC to 1000 BC
- Woodland Period 1000 BC to 1000 AD
- Mississippian Period 1000 to 1600 AD
14Archaic Period Indians8000 B.C. to 1000 B.C.
- FIRST CULTURE OF GEORGIA
- About 7000 B.C. the climate began to change.
Large mammals such as the mammoth, mastodon,
giant sloth, and giant bison died out. - A new tradition of Native Americans, known as the
Archaic Indians adapted to the warming climate of
Georgia. Their most urgent adaptation was one of
finding food.
15Archaic Weapons and Tools
- Archaic points were more defined and often had a
barb on the end. This helped hold the point on
the spear shaft. - The stone axe was not just used as a weapon but
also used to cut down trees, hollow out holes for
storage, etc.
http//www.crt.state.la.us/crt/ocd/arch/laprehis/p
aleo.htm
16Weapons/Hunting Tools, Archaic Period
- The atlatl became the weapon of choice for the
Archaic Period Indians. - They still used spears to kill their game, but
since the large mammals had disappeared, the
spear was not as effective as a hunting tool.
17Atlatl (pronounced (at/lat/l)
- An atlatl was a stick about two feet long with a
notch on the back. - It would throw a spear about six feet long.
http//www.crt.state.la.us/crt/ocd/arch/laprehis/p
aleo.htm
18Animals Hunted by Archaic Indians
www.bearbiology.com/bbdesc.html
http//www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/turkey/turkey.
htm
http//www.bcadventure.com/adventure/wilderness/an
imals/raccoon.htm
http//www.bowhunting.net/Scouting/default.htm
19Archaic Indians
- Small villages of people living together was
possible because they used more variety in their
diet, eating more vegetables. - They also ate shellfish and used barbed hooks to
catch fish. - Grinding stones and large storage pits for food
were common.
http//archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/RiverWeb/Hist
ory/Cahokia/archaic/settle.html
20Archaic Indian Pottery
- The first use of pottery was found at the end of
the Archaic Period. - Pottery allowed the people to store food, cook
with oils, and water. - Primitive markings and symbols were used to
decorate the outside of some pottery pieces.
http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/outline/04- /
21Evidence of Religion Archaic Indians
- There is evidence that the Archaic Indians
believed in life after death. - They buried tools, weapons, body ornaments and
food with the dead person.
22Lifestyles of the Archaic Indians
- They were the first to make fiber tempered
pottery. - There is evidence that they traded with other
native peoples - Traded bowls for utensils and tools
- They moved in limited areas, often spending a
lifetime within a small area. - They invented new ways of hunting and fishing,
using barbed fishhooks and fish traps. - Lived in rock shelters and pithouses
23Prehistoric Indians of Georgia
- There were four time periods of Indian life in
prehistoric Georgia - Paleo Period 10,000 BC to 8000 BC
- Archaic Period 8000 BC to 1000 BC
- Woodland Period 1000 BC to 1000 AD
- Mississippian Period 1000 to 1600 AD
24Woodland/Mississippian Foods
- http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/woodland.htm
http//free-stock-photos.com/food/beans.html
http//www.funnytummy.com/posters_asst_vegetables.
html
25Woodland Period Shelter
- Sometimes referred to as longhouses these were
often permanent locations. - Covered with tree bark or often animal skins.
- In the later part of the period they also used
wattle and daub constructed houses. - Wattle and daub houses were constructed from
interwoven sticks and twigs and covered with mud
and allowed to dry.
http//www.germantown.k12.il.us/html/homes.html
26Woodland
- Woodland Indians began to build permanent
settlements. - Along stream valleys (soil soft and moist)
- BUILT PROTECTIVE WALLS AROUND VILLAGES AND
STORAGE FACILITIES - DEVELOPED AGRICULTURE they would harvest grains,
beans, maize (corn) and squash/gourds - Stored foods for winter and early spring
http//archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/RiverWeb/Hist
ory/Cahokia/woodland/settle.html
27Woodland Period Pottery
- The early Woodland pottery had markings and
designs which varied from area to area
http//archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/RiverWeb/Hist
ory/Cahokia/woodland/tech.html
28Woodland Hunting
- The Woodland Indians developed the bow and arrow.
- It replaced the spear and atlatl as the primary
hunting weapon.
http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/outline/04-woodland/
29WOODLAND MOUNDS
- Best know structures left by Woodland Indians
- Contain skeletons, jewelry, pottery, beads
- Several mounds in Georgia
- Kolomoki Mounds
- Rock Eagle
30 Mounds and Indian Religious Beliefs
- Both Woodland Indians and Mississippian Indians
believed in life after death. - This was demonstrated by the great mounds they
built. - The effigy mound at Rock Eagle and the seven
mounds built near the present city of
Cartersville are examples of their skills.
http//roadsidegeorgia.com/site/rock_eagle.html
http//ngeorgia.com/history/early.html
31Prehistoric Indians of Georgia
- There were four time periods of Indian life in
prehistoric Georgia - Paleo Period 10,000 BC to 8000 BC
- Archaic Period 8000 BC to 1000 BC
- Woodland Period 1000 BC to 1000 AD
- Mississippian Period 1000 to 1600 AD
32Mississippian Period Warrior
- The Mississippian warrior presented a very
interesting figure. - Notice the tattos on his body, meant to scare his
opponents. - The bow and arrow became the weapon of choice, it
was accurate and could kill at great distances. - The warrior would carry 15 to 20 arrows in a
quaver on his back. - He could fire about 4 to 5 arrows per minute in a
battle situation.
33Mississippian Village/Mounds
- The Mississippian Period Indians were prolific
mound builders. - The mounds were generally used for worship or for
an elevated area for the chief-priest to live on.
http//www.mississippian-artifacts.com/html/main.h
tml
34Mississippian Culture
- Had true towns which were social, political, and
economic activity centers - Towns had 1 to 2- flat-topped temple mounds with
ceremonial buildings/public structures on top
35Mississippian Indian Village
- Mississippian Indians became permanent residents
of the areas due to improved agriculture - Beans, corn, squash
- Hunted turkey, deer, etc
- Warm climate and longer growing seasons made
permanent settlements possible. - Villages often surrounded by wooden palisade and
a moat on the outside.
http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/outline/05-mississippia
n/index.htm
36COMPLEX CULTURE
- DEVELOPED CIVILIZATIONS
- politicial, social, religious structures
- 1. cities were centers of trade
- 2. specialized jobs for different people
- 3. organized forms of government and religion
- 4. system of record keeping
- 5. advanced tools
37Mississippian Indians
- Developed highly structured societies, taking
care of elderly and ones unable to care for
themselves. - Traded widely with other Indian cultures from
Tennessee, Florida, and other distant states. - Indians that Hernando de Soto encountered when he
began to explore Georgia in 1540. FIRST GROUP TO
BE DEVASTATED BY DISEASED BROUGHT BY EUROPEANS
(TUBERCULOSIS) - Became the Creek and Cherokee Indian tribes-
played such an influential role in development of
Georgia history.
38The European Explorers