Native and Colonial America

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Native and Colonial America

• Unit I
• AP U.S. History

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Bering Sea Land Bridge Migration
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Natives

• Nomads
• Agriculturally-based (maize/corn)
• Hopewells/Mississippian
• Moundbuilders
• Iroquois
• Iroquois Confederacy

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Native Map of North America
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Europe

• Renaissance (rebirth)
• Growth of Nation-States (England, France, Spain,
  Portugal)
• Protestant Reformation and Religious Wars
• Lutheranism
• Calvinism - predestination
• Church of England aka Anglican Church
• Catholic Counter-Reformation

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European Colonization

• Columbus in 1492 spearheads European intervention
  into America
• Relations with natives
• Spain
• Encomienda system and asiento system
• England
• France

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Smallpox
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Columbian Exchange
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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European Colonies
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England

• Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a
  superior naval power
• Population increases
• Joint-stock companies develop
• Religious conflicts divide the nation
• Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions

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English Colonies

• Charters
• Corporate Colony
• Granted a charter to stockholders
• Ex. Virginia
• Proprietary Colony
• Granted a charter to individual or group
• Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania
• Royal Colony
• Under direct control of the monarch
• Ex. New Hampshire
• Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal
  colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts

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The First English Colonies

• First Attempt Roanoke in 1585
• First Permanent Jamestown, Virginia in 1607
• John Smith he that will not work shall not
  eat
• John Rolfe - tobacco

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Who is this?
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Oh yeahPocahontas
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Disneys John Smith
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Hollywoods John Smith
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This is John Smith.
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Pilgrims

• Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia
• Mayflower takes Separatists and others to
  Jamestown but weather complicates matters
• Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth
  - 1620

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Mayflower Compact
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The Mayflower (II)
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Look, a big rock.
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Wampanoag Dwelling
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Plymouth Colony
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Pulpit/Religion
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Thirteen Colonies
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New England

• Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630)
• John Winthrop and city upon a hill
• Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams
  (1636)
• Wall of separation
• Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638)
• Antinomianism
• Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas
  Hooker (1636-1637)
• New Hampshire (1679)

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New England Culture

• Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle
• Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode
  Island
• Halfway Covenant attempt to increase members
• Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)
• Cotton Mather
• Spectral evidence
• Education by mothers
• Towns with over 50 families required primary
  schools 100, grammar schools

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New England Politics

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
• First written constitution in America
• New England Confederation (1643-1684)
• Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts,
  Connecticut, New Haven
• King Philips (Metacom) War (1675-1676)
• New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag
  alliance

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Middle Colonies

• New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664
  to become New York
• Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey
  by 1702
• Develop wheat and corn farms and eventually into
  manufacturing and trade
• Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702)
• Education by private or churches

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Pennsylvania

• William Penn establishes Quaker-based colony in
  Pennsylvania (1681)
• Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers
• Holy Experiment
• Religious refuge
• Liberal political ideals
• Economic success
• Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

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Southern Colonies

• Maryland (1634)
• Virginia (1607)
• Carolinas (1663)
• North Carolina (1729)
• South Carolina (1729)
• Georgia (1732)
• Limited education due to agricultural base

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Virginia

• House of Burgesses in 1619
• First legislative assembly in the colonies
• Becomes royal colony in 1624
• Bacons Rebellion (1676)
• Inequities between large landowners and western
  farmers
• Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley
• Headright System
• 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation
  owner who paid for immigrant

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Maryland

• Lord Baltimore establishes colony for Catholics
• Act of Toleration (1649)
• Toleration of all Christian sects
• Death to those who denied Jesus
• Religious civil war brought control to Protestants

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Carolinas

• North Carolina
• Tobacco plantations
• Well-established autonomy
• South Carolina
• Rice plantations
• Became heavily dependent on slavery

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Georgia

• James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732
• Social experiment
• Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida
• Debtors colony

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Colonial Religion

• Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence
  and religious toleration
• Domination by Protestants little influence of
  Anglican Church other sects and denominations
  viewed as bizarre
• The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)
• Over time, economics became prominent over
  religious conviction
• Jonathan Edwards and Sinners in the Hands of an
  Angry God
• George Whitefield
• Development of evangelism and individual faith

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Colonial Religion
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Colonial Politics

• Limited Self-Government
• Elected legislative assemblies
• Governors
• Voting
• Limited to adult male educated and/or property
  owners

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Colonial Culture/Society
Rural
Urban
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Colonial Society

• American Social Structure
• Wealthy landowners
• Merchants
• Small farmers
• Craftspeople
• Opportunity
• Less dependent on heredity
• Gender Roles
• Men
• Patriarchal society, landowners, workers
• Women
• Submissive to men but respected, domestic
  responsibilities, limited to no political rights

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Colonial American Culture

• Becoming American
• Pragmatism
• Dominance of English culture
• Folkways
• Differed by coast/frontier, New
  England/Middle/Southern colonies

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Colonial Culture - The Arts

• Architecture
• Early colonies centered around a church
• Urban structures typical of English structures
• Frontier log cabins
• Painting
• Portrait painters and landscapes
• Literature
• Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction
  books
• Poor Richards Almanac - Benjamin Franklin

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Typical Colony Layout
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Colonial Culture - Education and Information

• Learning
• Prominent in New England colonies
• Education limited to wealthy males females
  learned domestic chores
• Newspapers
• Limited content on weekly basis
• John Peter Zenger case (1735)

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Immigration

• 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775
• Europeans and Africans along with a high birth
  rate
• Reasons religion economics political turmoil
• English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish,
  Irish, Dutch, Swedish ? OLD IMMIGRANTS
• Africans forced to America suffered
  discrimination and slave labor

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Slavery

• Indentured servitude
• Labor shortages lead to importing slaves
• Cheap labor
• Dependable work force
• Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion 1739 in South
  Carolina
• New York Conspiracy - 1741
• Slave laws

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Slave Demographics
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Mercantilism and Triangle Trade

• Colonies for the Mother Country
• Acts of Navigation
• Trade on English ships
• Imports pass English ports
• Exports to England
• Triangular Trade
• Middle Passage

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Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

• Established by King James II to consolidate
  colonies
• Administrative union of Massachusetts, New
  Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York,
  New Jersey
• Governor Edmund Andros
• Dissolution

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Colonial Economics

• Land was gold
• No established monetary system (gold and silver)
• Transportation
• Rivers and coasts
• Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal
  services
• New England
• Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing,
  trading
• Middle Colonies
• Wheat and corn fields manufacturing and trade
• Southern Colonies
• Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced
  labor

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PUROPOSE DATE FOUNDER MAJOR EXPORT
VIRGINIA commercial 1607 Virginia Company John Smith Tobacco
PLYMOUTH/ MASSACHUSETTS Religious refuge/ commercial 1620/ 1628 William Bradford/ Massachusetts Bay Company John Winthrop Grain, timber
NEW YORK commercial 1613 (1664) Peter Stuveysant (Duke of York) Furs, grain
NEW HAMPSHIRE commercial 1623 John Mason Timber, naval stores
RHODE ISLAND Religious refuge 1636 Roger Williams Grain
CONNECTICUT expansion 1635 Thomas Hooker Grain
PENNSYLVANIA Religious refuge 1681 William Penn - Quakers Grain
DELAWARE commercial 1638 (1681) Peter Minuit/ William Penn Grain
MARYLAND Religious refuge 1634 Lord Baltimore - Catholics Tobacco
NORTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Tobacco, timber, naval stores
SOUTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Rice, indigo, naval stores
GEORGIA Buffer, experiment 1733 James Oglethorpe Rice, timber, naval stores
() - Becomes an English colony