Human geography of latin America: A BLENDING OF CULTURES

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Human geography of latin America A BLENDING OF
CULTURES
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SECTION 1 MEXICO
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NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CONQUEST

• Many native groups
• Toltecs, Maya, and Aztecs are major groups
• Spanish Conquest began in 1519 when Hernando
  Cortés landed
• Conquered Tenochtitlán (Aztec capital) by 1521

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COLONY AND COUNTRY

• Mexico became a Spanish colony
• Independence won in 1821
• 1822 Agustín Iturbide declares himself emperor
• Mid 1800s Benito Juaréz becomes the first
  president of Mexico

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COLONY AND COUNTRY CONTINUED

• Porfirio Díaz succeeds Juárez
• He was dishonest
• Led to revolution led by Francisco Madero, Pancho
  Villa, and Emiliano Zapata
• 1917 new constitution adoptedredistributes land
  to peasants

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ONE-PARTY RULE

• 1929 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
  rises to prominence
• Did not tolerate opposition
• Led to corruption
• Ousted in 1997
• 2000 Vicente Fox becomes first non-PRI president
  in 71 years

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A MEETING OF CULTURES
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AZTECS AND THE SPANISH

• Aztecs came from northern Mexico
• C. 1200 A.D. Settled in Tenochtitlán in Lake
  Texcoco
• Performed human sacrifices
• 1521 Cortés destroys Tenochtitlan and builds
  Mexico City on top

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AZTECS AND SPANISH CONTINUED

• Spanish brought language, Catholicism
• Mestizos people of mixed Spanish and Native
  American heritage

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MEXICAN PAINTERS

• Painting became public art
• Large murals on public buildings
• Famous artists José Orozco, Diego Rivera, David
  Siquerios, and Juan OGorman, Frida Kahlo

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ECONOMICS
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OIL AND MANUFACTURING

• Large oil reserves
• Manufacturing is the most important
• Maquiladoras factories that assemble imported
  materials into finished products that are then
  exported
• Many are companies from the U.S.

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NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Agreement
• 1994
• Goal eliminate trade and investment barriers
  between Mexico, U.S., and Canada

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EMIGRATION, WORK, AND SCHOOL

• 2000 mile border with the U.S.
• Many leave to search for work
• Many uneducated in Mexico

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SECTION 2 CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
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MAYA INFLUENCE

• Mayans built cities in present-day Belize,
  Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras
• Central city was Tikal, in northern Guatemala

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SPANISH IN CENTRAL AMERICA

• Spain ruled Central America until the 19th
  century
• Mexico ruled it until 1823
• United Provinces of Central America declared
  independence from Mexico
• Late 1830s UPCA split into El Salvador,
  Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras

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CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES

• 1492 Columbus reaches Caribbean islands
• Called natives Los Indios
• They were the Taino
• Spanish settled and set up sugar plantations
• Used Taino as slave---many died of disease and
  abuse

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CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES CONTINUED

• African slaves were brought to replace Taino
• The Caribbean today is heavily influenced by
  African life and culture

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COLONIAL MOSAIC

• By 19th century, Spanish, French, Dutch, British,
  and Danish all had Caribbean claims
• They relied on sugar
• This brought more and more African slaves

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CARIBBEAN INDEPENDENCE

• 1790s Haiti becomes first independence movement
  in Latin America
• Slave revolt led by Toussaint LOuverture
• Won in 1804
• Cuba independent from Spain in 1898
• Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago in 1962 from
  Britain

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CULTURE OF CENTRAL AMERICA

• 2 major elements
• 1) Native American influence
• 2) Spanish
• Catholicism is major religion

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CULTURE OF THE CARIBBEAN

• Spanish, Dutch, French, British, Danish, African,
  and Native American influences
• Mix of Catholic and Protestant
• Santeria, Voodoo (Haiti), and Rastafarianism
  (Jamaica)

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ECONOMICS JOBS AND PEOPLE
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FARMING AND TRADE

• Caribbean Sugar is largest export crop
• Bananas, citrus fruits, coffee, and spices also
  important
• Pay is low for workers
• Per-capita income low
• Central America commercial farming
• Panama Canal canal running through Panama,
  connecting the Atlantic Pacific Oceans

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WHERE PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY

• Central America Most live in rural areas because
  most people work on farms
• Caribbean most live in cities
• Hope to find jobs in tourism

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POPULAR CULTURE, TOURISM, AND JOBS
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MUSIC OF THE CARIBBEAN

• Calypso music that began in Trinidad and
  combines musical elements from Africa, Spain, and
  the Caribbean
• Reggae music that developed in Jamaica in the
  1960s and is rooted in African, Caribbean, and
  American music, often dealing with social
  problems and religion

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TOURISM AND THE INFORMAL ECONOMY

• Hotels and resorts are an important industry in
  the Caribbean
• Informal economy jobs outside official channels,
  w/o benefits for workers
• Ex street vendors

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SECTION 3 SPANISH-SPEAKING SOUTH AMERICA
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INCA

• Civilization in the Andes (Peru)
• Centered in Cuzco
• Empire extended 2500 miles at height
• Built roads

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SPANISH CONQUEST

• Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca empire
• Harsh treatment of natives
• Inca language Quechua, taken over by Spanish
• Quechua is still spoken today

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INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

• Began in 1st half of 19th century
• Simón Bolívar led rebellions for Colombia,
  Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia
• José de San Martín helped to liberate Argentina,
  Chile, and Peru

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GOVERNMENT BY THE FEW

• Oligarchy (rule by few) and military rule are
  common in S. America
• Authoritarian ruleobedience to authority over
  individual freedomalso is common

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CULTURAL MOSAIC
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LITERATURE

• Gabriel Garciá Márquez (Colombia)
• Most famous S. American author
• Won Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1982

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MUSIC

• Pop music and folk music
• Music combines Indian, African, and European
  elements
• Classical music is also very important throughout
  the region

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ARTS AND CRAFTS

• Artisan works popular
• Pottery, textiles, glasswork, and metalwork
• Mix of aesthetics and usefulness

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ECONOMICS RESOURCES AND TRADE

• Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana crops for export
• Colombia and Venezuela oil, coffee, narcotics
• Peru and Ecuador fishing
• Argentina grain and livestock
• Paraguay beans, cotton

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CHILES SUCCESS STORY

• S. Americas economic success story
• Rich mines (copper is Chiles largest export)
• Fruits and vegetables
• Associate member of Mercosur an economic common
  market that began operations in 1995 (Think of
  NAFTA)

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LITERACY IN S. AMERICA

• Higher literacy rates than Central America
• Literacy rate among women is about equal with men

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LITERACY IN CHILE

• Literacy rate is 95 in Chile
• 98 among those 15-19
• Education is highly valued in Chile

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SECTION 4 BRAZIL
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HISTORY A DIVIDED CONTINENT

• Spain and Portugal were competing for colonies
• To avoid conflict, Pope Alexander VI created the
  Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• This divided the world between Spain and Portugal
• Portugal got Brazil in S. America

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PORTUGUESE CONQUEST

• Colonists arrive early 1500s
• 1-5 million natives already there
• Search for gold and silver was fruitless
• Sugar plantations set up instead
• Settlement patterns were on the coast
• African slaves brought

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INDEPENDENCE FOR BRAZIL

• Napoleon defeated in 1815
• Demand for independence
• Petitioned the king of Portugal
• People asked that Dom Pedro, son of the king,
  rule the independent Brazil
• Sept. 1822 Brazil declared independent

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A NATIONAL CULTURE

• A mix of Portuguese, African, and Native elements

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THE PEOPLE OF BRAZIL

• Only around 200,000 natives remain
• Many immigrants
• They come from Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain,
  Lebanon, and Syria
• Brazil has largest Japanese population outside of
  Japan

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LANGUAGE AND RELIGION

• Speak Portuguese
• Catholic majority (largest Catholic population in
  the world)
• 20 Protestant
• Other mix of African and Catholic practices

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AN ECONOMIC GIANT AWAKENS

• Brazil is a growing economic power. It has
  abundant natural resources

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AN INDUSTRIAL POWER

• Rich in iron, bauxite, tin, manganese
• Gold, silver, titanium, chromite, tungsten, and
  quartz also available
• Hydroelectricity
• Large oil and natural gas reserves
• One of the most industrialized countries in S.
  America

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MIGRATION TO CITIES

• Large gap between rich and poor
• Urbanization occurs to improve life
• 87 now live in cities

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MIGRATION TO THE INTERIOR

• Capital city of Brasília built in 1957 to attract
  people to the interior
• Commercial ag in the Cerrado (Great Plains of S.
  America) draws new jobs to interior

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BRAZILIAN LIFE TODAY
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FROM CARNIVAL TO MARTIAL ARTS

• Carnival most colorful feast day in Brazil
• Big in Rio de Janeiro
• Samba Brazilian dance with African influences
• Capoeira martial art blends Brazilian dance
  brought from Angola

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CITY LIFE IN RIO DE JANEIRO

• Rio is the cultural center of Brazil
• Sugarloaf Mountain, Guanabara Bay, Copacabana
  Beach are popular tourist sites
• Favelas very poor slumshigh crime rate