iClicker Questions for

1
iClicker Questions for
Psychology, 9th Edition by David G. Myers
Karla Gingerich, Colorado State University

• Chapter 7 Learning

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Through direct experience with animals, we come
to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds
will chirp. This best illustrates

• A. the law of effect.
• B. spontaneous recovery.
• C. respondent behavior.
• D. associative learning.

3
Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at
the mere sight of the person who regularly
brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of
this person was a(n)

• A. primary reinforcer.
• B. unconditional stimulus.
• C. immediate reinforcer.
• D. conditioned stimulus.

4
Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________
comes after a(n) _____.

• A. CS US
• B. UR CS
• C. secondary reinforcer operant behavior
• D. negative reinforcer operant behavior

5
The predictability of an association between a CS
and a US facilitates an organism's ability to
anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is
most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________
perspective.

• A. evolutionary
• B. behaviorist
• C. cognitive
• D. neuroscience

6
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when
exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light
with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

• A. negative reinforcer.
• B. conditioned stimulus.
• C. conditioned reinforcer.
• D. unconditioned stimulus.

7
If you get violently ill a couple of hours after
eating contaminated food, you will probably
develop an aversion to the taste of that food but
not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate
or to the sound of the music you heard there.
This best illustrates that associative learning
is constrained by

• A. intrinsic motivation.
• B. spontaneous recovery.
• C. biological predispositions.
• D. conditioned reinforcers.

8
After getting ill from eating her friends
Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldnt stand the
the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her
friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it
sounded good. This illustrates

• A. generalization.
• B. discrimination.
• C. extinction.
• D. acquisition.

9
The law of effect relates most closely to

• A. modeling.
• B. operant conditioning.
• C. classical conditioning.
• D. latent learning.

10
For some children who bite themselves or bang
their heads, squirting water into their faces
when they hurt themselves has been observed to
decrease the frequency of these self-abusive
behaviors. This best illustrates the potential
value of

• A. punishment.
• B. conditioned reinforcers.
• C. negative reinforcers.
• D. latent learning.

11
Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement usually
results in _________ rates of responding.

• A. unpredictable
• B. steady
• C. delayed
• D. speedy

12
Mirror neurons are important to the process of
learning because they

• A. enhance cognitive maps.
• B. enable imitation.
• C. provide a neurological basis for operant
  conditioning.
• D. explain aversive conditioning.

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Critical Thinking Questions
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Martin likes to shower in the mens locker room
after working out. During a shower he hears a
toilet flushing nearby. Suddenly boiling hot
water comes out of the showerhead, causing Martin
serious discomfort. Later on in the shower, he
hears another toilet flush and he immediately
jumps out from under the showerhead. In this
scenario, what is the unconditioned response (UR)?

• A. jumping out of the shower
• B. sound of the toilet flushing
• C. pain avoidance
• D. boiling hot water

15
A child is sent to his room with no supper
because he presented a bad report card to his
parents. The parents intent was to

• A. punish poor academic performance.
• B. negatively reinforce poor academic
  performance.
• C. extinguish poor academic performance.
• D. partially reinforce poor academic
  performance.

16
Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become
tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long
after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated
and felt awful. After that, even the sight of a
tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated.
In this scenario, what is the conditioned
response (CR)?

• A. tuna
• B. nausea
• C. mayonnaise
• D. sight of any sandwich

17
Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every four
pianos he tunes. He is on a _________ schedule
of reinforcement.

• A. fixed interval
• B. fixed ratio
• C. variable interval
• D. variable ratio

18
Extinction occurs ___________ in classical
conditioning and ___________ in operant
conditioning.

• A. when the CS is presented with the US when
  reinforcement increases
• B. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly
  when reinforcement increases
• C. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly
  when reinforcement stops
• D. when the CS is presented with the US when
  reinforcement stops