How Technology Changed the Face of the War

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How Technology Changed the Face of the War

• Spodek, pp. 649-655, 661-663, 663-672

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WHY GLOBAL WAR IN 1914?

• Break of Multi-national Empires
• Intense Nationalism
• Social Darwinism
• Yellow Journalism
• Arms Race and Rise of Armaments Industry

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New Weapons
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New Weapons (continued)
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New Weapons (continued)
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Serbian nationalism is a big problem then and now
• Who Fought?
• England, France, Belgium (neutral but attacked),
  Russia, Serbia, Italy, and Brazil
• Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire

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Battlefronts
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Western front and Trenches
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Lusitania
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Lusitania and Zeppelins
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How World War I ends

• All European powers worn downmillions of
  casualties, millions of mutilated men
• British blockage leads to famine conditions in
  Germany and Austria-Hungary

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US Enters the War

• Germans feel they have to renew unrestricted
  submarine warfare to end British blockade or
  morale will be totally ruined
• Zimmerman Telegram
• April 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to
  declare war.
• Ludendoff Offensive in March 1918
• Germans defeated 11 of November 1918

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Casualties of World War I

• Great Britain 947, 000 dead 2,122,000 wounded
• France 1,385,000 dead 3,044,000 wounded
• Russia 1,700,000 dead 4,950,000 wounded
• Italy 460,000 dead 947,000 wounded
• US 115,000 dead 206,000 wounded
• Germany 1,808,000 dead 4,247,000 wounded
• Austrio-Hungarian Empire 1,200,000 dead
  3,620,000 wounded
• Ottoman Empire 325,000 dead 400,000 wounded

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Versailles Treaty

• Really five separate treaties but can think of
  them as Versailles Treaty
• Two approaches
• Woodrow Wilson
• Georges Clemenceau (French Premier)

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Woodrow Wilsons Approach

• Fourteen Points
• Guide to future peace
• Open covenants of peace openly arrived at
• National Self-Determination
• League of Nations

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Georges Clemenceaus Approach

• Punish Germany
• Blamed Germany for the war
• Disarm Germany
• Demilitarize the Rhineland
• Create buffer states in Eastern Europe
• Make Germany pay for the war (war reparations)

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Results of the Versailles Conference

• Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither
  Germany nor USSR were in it)US Senate vetoed
  entire Versailles Treaty.
• Punish Germany
• Germany blamed for war
• No Army
• Alsace-Lorraine to France
• Rhineland demilitarized
• No Armaments Industry
• Germany pays for War and Reparations (5 billion )

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Eastern Europe
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National Self-Determination

• Eastern Europe
• Austria-Hungary is dismantled
• Austria becomes small country
• Czechoslovakia
• Yugoslavia
• Poland

• Treaty of Trianon
• Hungary becomes a very small state, losing much
  territory and a majority of the Hungarians
• Romania (including large populations of
  Hungarians)

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Middle East After Settlements

• British Role
• Arab Revolts (Lawrence of Arabia)
• Balfour Declaration
• French Role
• Got Involved in Palestinian struggles to prevent
  British from getting all Middle East as new
  colonies

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Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920

• Mandates (another name for colonies to please
  President Wilson)
• Jordonmandate to British
• Palestineto British
• Syria and LebanonFrench
• Hijaz (Arab) independent

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Consequences of Peace to End All War

• World War II
• Arab-Israeli Conflict
• Iraq-Iran War
• Persian Gulf War
• Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisis
• Al Queda 9/11
• Iraq War - 2003

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Other Consequences

• Ho Chi Minh Vietnam War
• May 4th Movement Chinese Communism