U.S. Educational Instructional Technology: Past, Present and Future

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U.S. Educational Instructional Technology Past,
Present and Future
Mid-Atlantic Region Japan-in-the-Schools (MARJiS)
Program

• University of Maryland
• Educational Technology OutreachDirector Davina
  Pruitt-Mentle

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U.S. Educational Instructional Technology Past,
Present and Future

• Statistics
• Trends in Educational Technology
• Teacher Training Trends
• Standards
• Current Issues in Educational Technology
• New Challenges
• Current K-12 Trends
• Activities for you to explore

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Educational Technology Drivers

• Equal Access
• Technology
• At home
• At school
• Training
• Usage

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Digital Divide

• Differences in access between haves and
  have-nots
• Gap still exists but is narrowing
• Studies focus on socio-economic condition, race,
  gender, and education
• Access highest for
• Upper income brackets
• White
• Male
• College degree

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Internet Usage
2000 Percentage
Under 30,000 38
30K 50K 64
50K 75K 72
75K 82
High School or less 39
Some College 71
College Degree or more 82
2000 Percentage
All adults 56
Men 58
Women 54
Whites 57
Blacks 43
Hispanics 47
18-29 75
30-49 65
50-64 51
65 15
Source Pew Internet American Life Project
surveys, Nov-Dec 2000. Margin of error is 3.
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Maryland Trends
Source Maryland Business Roundtable
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Teacher Training Leads to Effectiveness

• Report to the President on the Use of Technology
  to Strengthen Education (2000)
• Only 62 of teachers with one or more computers
  systems in the classroom use the computer for
  instruction
• Teachers commonly report that they have not
  received adequate preparation in the effective
  use of computers within the classroom.
• The more ambitious and promising applications of
  computers call for considerably more skill from
  the teacher, who must effectively integrate
  technology into the curriculum and devise ways of
  assessing student work based on individual and
  group projects.
• Technology effectiveness requires teacher training

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Characteristics of Teachers Who Successfully
Integrate Technology

• Experienced (median age 44)
• Technology savvy (upper quintile of skills)
• Instructional leaders, not fringe innovators
• Access to multiple networked computers in
  classroom
• Have online computer at home (74)
• Spend over 100 of personal funds on project (63)

Source 3Com (2000) Preparing Teachers to Use IT
in the Classroom
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What do teachers need to be ready for technology?

• Develop a philosophy
• Purchase products
• Identify and solve problems
• Speak the language
• See where technology fits in educational
  integration

Do computers make a difference? Do pencils make
a difference?
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Technology in Education

• Since 1920- emphasis on radio and television
• Current Internet
• 20 years from now
• Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction (ICAI)
• Monitor student performance
• Create personal profile for each student
• Automatically tailor instruction to particular
  needs
• Update profile as progress is made
• Virtual Reality (VR)
• Simulation

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Educational Technology

• Definition by Roblyer Edwards
• Educational technology is a combination of the
  processes and tools involved in addressing
  educational needs and problems, with an emphasis
  on applying the most current tools computers and
  their related technologies.
• Roblyer, M.D., and Edwards, J. (2000).
  Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching.
  (2nd Edition) Merrill Publishing

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Four Perspectives That Shaped Educational
Technology
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Various Approaches to Technology in Education
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Integrating Educational Technology

• Process of determining which electronic tools and
  which methods for implementing them are
  appropriate for given classroom situations and
  problems

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Milestones and Trends in Educational Computing
Technology

• The Era Before Microcomputers
• 1950 - First instructional computer use
  computerized flight simulator used to train
  pilots at MIT
• 1959 - First computer use in schools IBM 650
• 1966 - IBM offers the 1500 system Dedicated
  instructional mainframe
• 1967 - CCC offers first minicomputer-based
  instructional system (DEC PDP/1) Mitre
  Corporation offers TICCIT system
• 1970s - CDC offers the Plato instructional
  delivery system

• The Microcomputer Era and Beyond
• 1977 - First microcomputers enter schools
• 1980 - Seymore Papert writes Mindstorms The Logo
  movement begins
• 1980s
• MECC offers microcomputer software educational
  materials publishers begin courseware development
  and marketing
• The courseware evaluation is emphasized
  MicroSIFT, EPIE, others
• The computer literacy movement begins, then wanes
  after 1988
• 1990s - Use of ILS and other networked systems
  increases multimedia use and development
  increases

• The Internet Era
• 1994 - Widespread use of the Internet begins
• 2000 - Virtual reality systems and other virtual
  environments are emphasized

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What have we learned from the past?

• Teachers usually do not develop technology
  materials or curriculum
• Technically possible does not equal desirable,
  feasible, or inevitable
• Things change faster than teachers can keep up
• Older technologies can be useful
• Teachers always will be important

• No technology is a panacea for education
• Computer literacy/technological literacy is a
  moving target
• Computer literacy/technological literacy offers a
  limited integration rationale
• Standalone computers and networked computers have
  benefits and limitations

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Elements of a Rationale for Using Technology in
Education

• Motivation
• Unique instructional capabilities
• Support for new instructional approaches
• Increased teacher productivity
• Required skills for an information age

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Elements of a Rationale for Using Technology in
Education

• Motivation
• Gaining learner attention
• Engaging the learner through production work
• Increasing perceptions of control (intrinsic
  motivation)
• Unique instructional capabilities
• Linking learners to information sources
• Helping learners visualize problems and solutions
• Tracking learner progress
• Linking learners to learning tools
• Support for new instructional approaches
• Cooperative learning
• Shared Intelligence
• Problem solving and higher-level skills

• Increased teacher productivity
• Freeing time to work with students by helping
  with production and record keeping tasks
• Providing more accurate information more quickly
• Allowing teachers to produce better-looking more
  student-friendly materials more quickly
• Required skills for an information age
• Technology literacy
• Information literacy
• Visual literacy

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New Initiative Educational Technology Standards

• ISTE (International Society for Technology in
  Education) and NCATE (National Council for the
  Accreditation of Teacher Education) have
  developed pre-service standards
• National Educational Technology Standards (NETS)
  for K-12
• Technology Standards for School Administrators
  (TSSA) for Principals

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NCATE ISTE

• Establish standards for teaching in education
• Increase emphasis in use of technology in teacher
  training

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NCATE/ISTE Required Technology Competencies for
Educational Technology Leaders

• Evaluate, select, and integrate
  computer/technology-based instruction in the
  curriculum in a subject area and/or grade level
• Demonstrate knowledge of uses of multimedia,
  hypermedia, and telecommunications tools to
  support instruction
• Demonstrate skills in using productivity tools
  for professional and personal use, including word
  processing, database management, spreadsheet
  software, and print/graphic utilities
• Demonstrate knowledge of equity, ethical, legal,
  and human issues of computing and technology use
  as they relate to society, and model appropriate
  behavior
• Identify resources to keep current in
  applications of computing and related
  technologies in education
• use technology to access information to enhance
  personal and professional productivity
• Apply computers and related technologies to
  facilitate emerging roles of learners and
  educators

• Operate a computer system to use software
  successfully
• Evaluate and use computers and other technologies
  to support instruction
• Explore, evaluate, and use technology-based
  applications for communications, presentations,
  and decision making
• Apply current instructional principles and
  research and appropriate assessment practices to
  the use of computers and related technologies
• Demonstrate knowledge of uses of computers for
  problem solving, data collection, information
  management, communications, presentations, and
  decision making
• Develop student learning activities that
  integrate computers and technology for a variety
  of student grouping strategies and for diverse
  student populations

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Standards Online

• ISTE Draft http//cnets.iste.org/review/ectlitrev
  iew2.html
• NCATE Standards http//www.ncate.org/standard/m_s
  tds.htm
• Joint ISTE/NCATE http//www.iste.org/standards/nc
  ate/
• TSSA
  http//cnets.iste.org/tssa/
• NETS for Students http//cnets.iste.org/index2.ht
  ml

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Todays Big Issues in Education and Technology

• Societal issues
• pro-technology movement
• anti-technology movement
• Cultural and equity issues
• economic/ethnic bias
• multi-cultural issues
• gender bias
• special needs students
• Educational issues
• directed vs. constructivist debate
• interdisciplinary vs. single-subject instruction
• technical issues

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New Challenges

• Technology skills and standards
• New teacher and administrator requirements and
  assessments
• Integrate of technology within curriculum (state
  national standards)
• Established student competencies
• Staying abreast of local and societal attitudes
• Using strategies to ensure equity
• Digital divide
• Assistive technology
• Matching integration strategies with needs

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Current Trends in the K-12 Classroom

• PD activity ends with a teacher developed lesson
  plan
• Lesson Plan databases for others to use
• Make use of other on-line activities
• Implementing educational software into daily
  activities
• PowerPoint, Excel, Kid Pix, Inspiration,
  Kidspiration, StoryWeaver, etc.
• Selected Internet activities
• WebQuests, Scavenger Hunts, Treasure Hunts, etc.
• Problem-Solving Courseware
• Educational Games, Simulations, Case Studies
• E-Learning
• New Equipment Developments
• Graphic Calculators and Probes
• Handheld Devices E-Books
• Wireless Wearable Computers
• Group Activities
• Assessment through Electronic Portfolios

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Lesson Plan Databases

• Kathy Schrock http//school.discovery.com/lessonpl
  ans/
• AskEric Lesson Plans http//www.askeric.org/Virtua
  l/Lessons/
• The Lesson Plans Page http//www.lessonplanspage.c
  om/
• EdHelper
  http//www.edhelper.com/
• TeachersNet http//teachers.net
  /lessons/

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Try ...

• Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching
  http//cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/roblyer/
  
• Go to Try This! Tutorial
• Select Step 1

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Inspiration
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Kidspiration
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Kid Pix
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Selected Internet Activities

• WebQuests (http//edweb.sdsu.edu/webquest/webquest
  .html)
• Scavenger Hunts (http//lserver.aea14.k12.ia.us/Sc
  avenger.html)
• Treasure Hunts (http//www.cybersurfari.org/)

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Games Simulations
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Electronic Portfolios