East Asia During the Early Modern Era

1
East Asia During the Early Modern Era

• 1450-1750

2
The Dynasties by Time Period
3
3500 BCE to 500 BCE
4
China 3500 BCE to 500 BCE

• The Xia (2100-1600 BCE) First Dynasty with
  historical records.
• The Shang (1600 to 1046 BCE) Earliest written
  records take the form of oracle bones.

5
China 500 BCE to 600 CE

• Period of Warring States (476-221 BCE)
• Qin (221 BBCE to 206 BCE) Legalism, Burning
  Books, Great Wall
• Han (202 BCE to 220 CE) First dynasty to
  embrace Confucianism

6
China 600 CE to 1450 CE

• Tang/Song (618-1234) Gunpowder, compass,
  Neo-Confucianism
• Mongol/Yuan (1234-1305) Opened Trade Pax
  Mongolica
• Ming (1368-1644) Mongol influences eradicated
  through policy

7
China 1450 - 1750

• Ming (1368-1644) Mongol influences eradicated
  through policy.
• Qing (1644-1911) Emperor conquered Taiwan and
  moved Chinese influence into central Asia.

8
Political and Cultural Changes

• Qing Dynasty restored integrity in Chinas
  political structure after the lavish imperial
  days of the Ming.
• Womens conditions worsened with Ming and Qing
  policies.
• Chinas population grew dramatically as a result
  of American food crops.
• Importance of silver to economy increased.
• Maritime trade in the global community decreased
  with late Ming Dynastys policies.

9
Political and Cultural Changes

• Return of Roman Catholic Christianity through
  missionaries
• By the end of the period, Christianity had nearly
  disappeared.
• Popular culture in the cities encouraged
  teahouses, wine shops, popular novels,etc., among
  urban residents.

10
Continuities

• Tightly centralized
• Confucian scholars
• Filial piety
• Stagnation in Technological Developments

11
Causes and Effects of Japan and Chinas
Population Trends

• China experienced a dramatic increase while Japan
  had only moderate increases.
• Both improved agriculture.
• China imported American food products.
• Japan had new crop strains, methods of
  irrigation, and the use of fertilizer.
• Both societies experienced infanticide however,
  contraception, late marriage, and abortion
  contributed to more stagnation in population.

12
Compare relationship between merchants and
government in Europe and China.

• European monarchs and governments encouraged and
  supported merchants through the establishment of
  trading posts and colonies.
• Chinese authorities did not adopt policies to
  strengthen both merchants and the state by
  authorizing merchants to pursue their efforts in
  the global community.

13
What factors brought Christianity back to China
after Mongol influence?

• Matteo Ricci
• Mastered Chinese language and literature.
• He shared knowledge of math, astronomy, and
  calendar with Ming court. Matteo Ricci
• Jesuits showed similarities in philosophies of
  Jesus and Confucius.
• Jesuits held religious services in the Chinese
  language and allowed converts to continue
  veneration of ancestors.

14
Why didnt Christianity survive the Early Modern
Era in China?

• Franciscans and Dominicans complained to the pope
  about Jesuits tolerance of ancestor worship and
  Chinese language services.
• The pope issued proclamations ordering
  missionaries in China to suppress ancestor
  veneration and conduct European-style services.
• The emperor Kangxi ordered an end to the
  preaching of Christianity in China.

15
What as the primary impact of Christianity in
East Asia during this period?

• It made European science and technology known in
  China.
• The Jesuits made China known in Europe.
• European rulers designed their own civil service
  systems based on Confucian civil service system.
• The rational morality of Confucianism appealed to
  Enlightenment philosophies.
• Jesuits stimulated European interest in east
  Asian societies.

16
Political and Cultural Changes in Japan

• After a period of civil war (sengoku) the tent
  government (bakufu) unified Japan under Tokugawa
  rule.
• European interaction was interrupted with the
  Tokugawa governments shogun edicts.
• The daimyo and the samurai lost their position in
  society due to Tokugawa rule.
• Japanese merchants gained wealth and influence in
  society.
• Villages moved from subsistence farming into
  production for the market.
• Dramatic increases in population ceased.

17
Political and Cultural Changes in Japan

• Floating Worlds of Tokugawa urban culture
  reflected decline in urban societys social
  responsibility and rigid rule.
• Kabuki and puppet theatre
• Christianity declined in Japan during this period
  after shoguns ordered a halt to Christian
  missions and commanded Japanese Christians to
  renounce their faith.
• Japan adopted European ideas from the Dutch,
  including the area of European medicine.

18
Continuities in Japan

• The shogun was the source of rule during most of
  this period in Japan. The emperor was a
  figurehead.
• In spite of Tokugawa rule, civil war and
  political instability continued.
• There was little increase in population.
• Native scholars continued traditional Japanese
  traditions (xenophobic)

19
Similarities Between Japan and China

• Both had periods of unified rule.
• Both ousted Christianity.
• The Ming/Qing and the Tokugawa both had policies
  that discouraged a relationship with Europe.
• In both societies, the condition of women
  worsened.
• Confucianism and Buddhism flourished in both
  societies.
• Both societies developed urban cultures that
  emphasized entertainment over intellectual
  pursuits.

20
Differences Between Japan and China

• China had a burst in population and Japan did
  not.
• Womens conditions were worse in Japan.
• Merchants were shunned more in Chinas society
  than in Japans.
• Scholar-bureaucrats were more significant in
  Chinese society.

21
What was traded in exchange for Chinese silk,
porcelain, lacquerware, and tea?

• Silver