The Migration of the Mongols

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The Migration of the Mongols
1200-1500 CE
The Middle East, Russia, China and Korea

• Kathryn Casey, Cameron Morton,
• Lindsey Robirds

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The Mongols

• The Mongol Empire was one of the Earths largest
  continuous empires, and spanned over 6,000 miles.
  It emerged from tribes of Mongols and Turks that
  were united under the rule of Ghengis Khan. The
  infamous ruler rapidly spread the Mongol Empire
  in every direction by invading many parts of
  Europe and Asia. The Mongol people constantly
  migrated when the empire took over areas, and
  people previously occupying the Mongols
  conquests were taken as prisoners, slaves, or
  warriors. Descendants of Ghengis Khan ruled the
  empire until it fragmented in1260. It was split
  into four parts the Golden Horde Khanate, the
  Chagatai khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan
  dynasty. The Chinese overthrew the Yuan dynasty
  in 1368, and the Mongol Empire collapsed.

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Pictures
Expansion of the Mongol Empire during the 13th
century
The Mongols extended their hegemony throughout
Europe and Asia from the 13th through the 16th
century. This also includes the frequently used
trade routes of the Maritime Trade System.
(Wait for animation)
Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Yuan
Dynasty
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Pictures
The Empires according to the leaders who
conquered it
Eight of the fifteen Great Khagans of the
Mongolian Empire
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Pictures
(Ignore key)
Mongolian Empire migrations around the Eurasian
continent. This shows the specific routes of each
migration over the period of time that the
Mongols ruled this land.
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Pictures
Current-day Mongolia
The Mongolian Empire circa 1300
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Chronology

• 1206 Tumujin (the founder, ruler, and emperor of
  the Mongol Empire) receives the title of Genghis
  Khan (meaning Universal Ruler) after dominating
  Mongolia.
• 1207 Mongols attack Western Xia, which included
  northwest China and some areas of Tibet.
• 1210 Western Xia ruler surrenders to Genghis
  Khan. The Uyghur Turks also surrender peacefully
  to the Mongols and become important
  administrators within the empire. The classic
  Mongolian script was created in this year.
• 1211 Genghis Khan led his army against the Jin
  Dynasty (northern China) through the Gobi desert.
• 1218 Mongols capture Tarim Basin (400,000 km2
  area located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous
  Region in far west China) Zhetysu (part of
  Russian Turkestan) this allows them to occupy
  Kashgar which is the oasis city in the Tarim
  Basin. Mongol envoys executed by the Kwarezmian
  Shah Muhammad which began the first motion for
  the Mongols to move westward.
• 1219 The Mongols cross the Jaxartes River in
  central Asia and begin to invade Transoxiana (a
  portion of central Asia that corresponds with
  modern0day Tajikistan, southwest Kazakhstan, and
  Uzbekistan)
• 1221 At the same time the Mongols attacked
  central Asia and destroyed he Kwarezmid Empire in
  the Middle East
• 1223 The Mongols are victorious after the Battle
  of the Kalka River which was the Mongols first
  encounter with the East Slavic warriors.
• 1227 Genghis Khan dies. Mongol leaders journey
  back to Mongolia for kuriltai (a meeting about
  the vacant Kahn position). At this time the
  Mongolian empire covers 26 million km2 which is
  roughly four times the size of the Macedonian or
  Roman empires.
• 1229 The third son of Genghis Khan, Ogedei Khan,
  is elected as the Great Khan.
• 1232 Mongolians attack Kaifeng. During attack,
  missile-rockets are used for the very first time
  in world history by the Jurcheds.

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Chronology

• 1234 The Mongolians conquer the Jin dynasty
  (occupied by the Jurcheds)
• 1236 Mongolians attack and invade Korea. The
  Mongols begin their invasion of Europe.
• 1237 Beginning of the Mongolian-Song dynasty
  (south of the Yangtze River).
• 1239 Mongols invade Chormaqan, Armenia, and
  Georgia.
• 1240 Mongols attack Kiev
• 1241 under the ruling of Batu Khan, Mongols
  invade Bulgaria and force them to pay annual
  tribute as vassals
• 1243 The western Mongolian army force Seljuks of
  Anatolia to become a part of the Mongolian
  empire. The Empire of Trebizond and the Lesser
  Armenians surrender to Mongolia.
• 1246 The eldest son of Ogedei Khan, Guyuk Khan,
  is elected as Great Khan.
• 1247 The first ever registration of citizens in
  the Mongolian Empire is taken.
• 1248 Great Khan Guyuk Khan dies
• 1251 The line of Khans from the Ogedei and the
  Chagatai families is destroyed with the election
  of the new khan, Mongke who is the eldest son
  from the line of Tolui.
• 1253 Mongol gain control of Yunnan.
• 1257 The Mongols attempt their first invasion of
  Dai Viet (current day Vietnam) they

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Chronology

• Mongol Empire controls all of Azerbaijan,
  Mesopotamia, Iran, and parts of Armenia
• 1274 First Mongol attempt to invade Japan it was
  unsuccessful. After the attack the decentralized
  local leaders became more unified while planning
  and preparing for the inevitable second attack of
  the Mongols
• 1279 Mongols invade China and unify the
  fragmented states and preserved the features of
  the government, also added to the government (tax
  farming, Western Asian Muslims as officials,
  etc.)
• 1281 Mongols attack Japan again but are defeated
  for a second time, this time by a combination of
  an unexpected typhoon and advanced Japanese
  defensive preparations.
• 1300 Under Mongol rule China flourishes. Trade
  recovered, ports prospered, and merchants became
  more popular.
• 1333 Bubonic plague hits Mongolia
• 1368 Mongolian Empire of Genghis Khan and his
  line ended with the Ming dynasty
• 1388 Chinese invade the capitol of the Mongolian
  empire (Karakorum)
• 1392 End of the Mongolian occupation of Korea
• 1405 Timur (a fourteenth-century conqueror of
  central, western, and South Asia, also founder of
  the Timurid Empre and Timurid Dynasty (13701405)
  loses control over the Mongolian Empire.
• 1466 The Great Horde (The Slavic take on the
  Mongolian Khanate) dominates Mongolia
• 1481 Mongols are finally defeated by the Russians
  
• 1502 The Great Horde dissolves. Borjigin emperors
  rule Mongolia until 1635

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Regional ImpactMiddle East
Society
The society suffered after the loss of many
people with the destruction of cities, society
was not the same. Iraq was extremely depopulated
after the Mongol invasion. Society changed a
great deal with the agriculture ruined, and the
major city of Baghdad destroyed.
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Regional ImpactRussia
Intellectual
The Mongol language spread into Russian language
and some of them are still in the language today.
Western intellect also entered Russia.
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Regional ImpactChina
Society
The Mongols wanted to create a mix of the Chinese
and Mongol cultures, somewhat like the mixes of
Mongol culture in the Middle East and Russia. In
society the Mongols were the highest up on the
social ladder, followed by central Asians, middle
easterners, the northern Chinese, and lastly, the
southern Chinese. 
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Regional ImpactKorea
Society
After Korea surrendered, the Mongols demanded
their people now serve for them. The Mongol
Empire collected one million soldiers, in
addition to slaves, children, and craftsmen. They
often took the people of their conquests and
forced them into slavery or the army. Because of
the violent way Mongols conquered, many Koreans
died by resisting their power or in battle as a
part of the Mongolian army.
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Change Over Time

• The founder of the Mongol Empire was Tumujin. He
  received the first formal title of Genghis Khan
  which means Universal ruler after he dominated
  Mongolia and took control in 1206.
• Genghis Khan uses his title to exert his control
  over his army allowing them to be fearful and
  very successful. One of the first major triumphs
  was over Western Xia a mere 4 years after the
  first Genghis Khan was named.
• However not only did this strong title prove
  successful on the battlefield, it also showed
  control over the intellectual side of the
  Mongolian Empire when the first classical
  Mongolian script was created in 1210.
• Genghis Khan dies 17 years later and a change in
  rulers is imminent. The Mongol leaders hold a
  meeting about who should succeed their first
  Khan. It is decided that the Third son of Genghis
  Khan should rule as Great Khan.
• During the time of Genghis Khans death his
  empire was about the size of four roman empires
  put together which is much larger than the
  original Mongolian empire.

• During the time of Genghis Khans death his
  empire was about the size of four roman empires
  put together which is much larger than the
  original Mongolian empire.
• The Mongols continue to attack and take over
  countries and expand their empire under the Khan
  rule.
• However things begin to dissolve when the line of
  Genghis Khan ends with the Ming dynasty in 1368.
• Twenty years late the Mongolian capital of
  Karakorum is ransacked by the Chinese which leads
  to the end of Mongolian occupation of Korea in
  1392.
• The Great Horde is in control in 1466 but the
  Mongols are defeated in 1481 by the Russians.
• The Great Horde dissolves completely 21 years
  late and Borjigin emperors rule Mongolia until
  1635.

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Comparisons

• Although the Mongols invaded and took over three
  completely different regions, there are some
  similarities to the Mongol rule in Russia, China,
  Korea and the Middle East. There are also many
  differences. One of the largest similarities was
  that they demanded a tax collection wherever they
  ruled and local princes were charged with
  collecting the taxes and giving it to the Mongol
  ruler. Another similarity is that a Khan ruled
  over the area that was taken over. In China the
  Khan ruled from the capital Beijing and in Russia
  the Khan ruled from the Golden Horde capital. The
  Mongol rule of Russia and China are the most
  similar in that Mongols took up permanent
  residence in the area and they created a capital.
  The invasion of Russia and the Middle East are
  similar in that the Mongols destroyed important
  cities, such as Baghdad and Kiev. The Middle East
  suffered the most from the invasion, in that the
  Mongols destroyed the irrigation networks and
  agriculture suffered immensely in this region and
  is still recovering today. Korea also suffered,
  with losses in population. The Mongol invasion of
  the Middle East and China are similar in that in
  both of these regions the Mongols adopted the
  religion. In the Middle East the Mongols adopted
  Islam, and in China they adopted Buddhism. In
  Korea and Russia the religion was not adopted by
  the Mongols. Overall the Mongol invasions led to
  destruction and tax collections for all of the
  regions. All of the invaded regions felt the
  affects of the Mongols.

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Effects on Todays World

• The Mongol Empire was one the largest empires in
  history. It was a well-organized reign that was
  devoted to military and conquest.
• The Mongols invaded and conquered by mass
  destruction, famine, and extermination.
• The Mongol Empire developed a writing system
  similar to the Uighur script. This is often still
  used in Central Mongolia. The language Chagatai,
  named after Ghengis Khans son, is spoken by
  Russians and Turks today.
• In the 13th century under the rule of Kublai
  Khan, Mongols began using paper money. This was
  most common in the territory of China. It was
  some of the first uses of credit and paper money.

• They used infected bodies from the Bubonic
  plague as biological weapons. The Mongols had
  very many impressive tactics in order to conquer
  various areas. When invading a city, those who
  surrendered would become slaves. People who
  resisted were immediately killed. This wiped out
  many Russian and Asian cities.
• The Mongol Empire discovered many military
  techniques that have influenced todays armies.
  They also originated many aspects our current
  economies, including tax systems, different ways
  of credit, and ways to control the influx of
  conquests and people.
• The Black Death may have reached the Mongol
  Empire through trade routes. It wiped out much of
  the empires population however, not as much as
  Europes.

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Migration of Mongols

• Kathryn Casey
• Maps and Pictures
• Effect on Todays World
• Lindsey Robirds
• Chronology
• Change Over Time
• Cameron Morton
• PIRATES
• Comparison

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Bibliography

• http//www.freewebs.com/tavrvs/mongolwarfare.htm
• http//www.mongolia-attractions.com/ancient_mongol
  ia.html
• http//www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nomadic_em
  pire