The Mongols and The Changes in the World

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The Mongols and The Changes in the World

• Chapters 14 and 15
• AP World History
• Mr. Bartula

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1000-1350 The Age of the Nomadic Empires

• A period in which the Eastern Hemisphere became
  more tightly integrated than ever before.
• The primary reason for this integration was the
  establishment of trans-regional empires by
  nomadic groups like the Seljuk Turks and the
  Mongols
• As a result, long distance travel on a large
  scale became possible.

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1000-1350 The Age of the Nomadic Empires

• Other factors encouraging this integration
• The expansion of Islam (Dar alIslam).
• Indias continuing economic power (but cultural
  decline)
• Such conflicts as the Crusades and the
  Reconquista exposed Europeans to the benefits of
  long distance trade and other contact.

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Long Distance Travelers Marco Polo 1271-1295
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Long Distance Travelers Ibn Battuta 1325-1353
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The Mongols Introduction

• The Mongols probably did more to change the
  course of world history in a shorter period of
  time than any other group of people in the
  600-1450 period.
• Their conquests ushered in a period of frequent
  and extended international contact.

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The Mongols Introduction

• The Mongols have generally been cast in a
  negative light as brutal conquerors.
• Since the Mongols left few records of their own,
  most of what we have comes from conquered peoples
  or enemies.
• Europeans, who had fewer contacts with the
  Mongols, generally had a more favorable view of
  them. Many Europeans saw the Mongols as potential
  allies against the Muslims.

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The Mongol Homeland
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The Mongol Homeland and Ethnic Groups
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The Mongols Early History

• Pastoral nomadic people living in Central Asia.
• Disunited tribes who regularly fought each other
• Polytheistic and animistic religion

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Chinggis Khan

• The greatest happiness is to vanquish your
  enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of
  their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in
  tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and
  daughters.

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Chinggis Khan

• Be of one mind and one faith, that you may
  conquer your enemies and lead long and happy
  lives. (to his army)
• With Heavens aid I have conquered for you a
  huge empire. But my life was too short to
  achieve the conquest of the world. That is left
  for you. (to his sons on his deathbed)

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Chinggis Khan 1162-1227

• Son of a Mongol chieftain, originally named
  Temujin.
• Omens at birth indicated he would be a mighty
  warrior
• At age 13, he was betrothed to Bortei (14),
  daughter of another Mongol chieftain.
• His father was murdered by another clan, and
  Temujin swore vengeance.

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His rise to power

• Rejected as leader of his tribe, Temujin and his
  family were abandoned and left alone on the
  plains. Temujin swore vengeance.
• Temujin ruled his family with an iron will,
  killing his younger brother when he caught him
  stealing food.
• Temujins reputation as a stern and fierce leader
  spread among the Mongols.

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His rise to power

• Taken prisoner on a hunting trip, Temujin killed
  his guards and escaped, increasing his reputation
  for bravery and ferocity.
• At age 17 he married Bortei. Her father gave him
  a rare black sable skin as a present. This
  became his symbol.
• Shortly after, Temujins fathers tribe begged
  him to become their chieftain, and he issued a
  call for all Mongols to unite under his
  leadership.

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Temujin Takes Power

• In 1183 Temujin was declared Great Khan of the
  Mongols and renamed Chinggis precious warrior
  or spirit of light.
• Chinggis wanted to break down tribal identities
  and create a unified Mongol state
• Chinggis organized the Mongol army into decimal
  units (100, 1000, 10000) and sent orders through
  hand signals.

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Mongol Cavalry

• The Mongol army could cover immense distances at
  spectacular speeds.
• Soldiers carried dried meat and powdered yaks
  milk as provisions
• At times they would nick their horses necks and
  drink the blood while at full gallop.

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Mongol Fighting Tactics

• The Mongols prized their horses for being fast
  and flexible, allowing them to strike hard and
  then disappear.
• The Mongols developed a composite bow which could
  be fired on horseback with a range of 350 yards.
• The Mongols developed leather and wooden saddles
  and stirrups for longer and more comfortable
  journeys.

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Chinggis and His Conquests

• Chinggis Khans ruthlessness and ferocity were
  well known, and indeed, he would exterminate
  entire cities which opposed him. Individuals who
  became his enemies were treated the same way.
• However, he always gave cities and regions the
  chance to surrender first, and if they did so, he
  was merciful.
• Chinggis was a master of the feigned withdrawal
  he would pretend to retreat, drawing his enemies
  after him, then quickly surround them.

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Chinggis and His Conquests

• Chinggis led two successful campaigns against
  northern China.
• After two Mongol merchants were killed by a
  Central Asian ruler for being insolent, Chinggis
  launched a major invasion in 1219.
• After several years of devastating conflict, all
  of Central Asia was brought under Mongol control.

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The Death of Chinggis Khan

• Shortly after the conquest of Central Asia,
  Chinggis was killed in a hunting accident.
• His body was buried in a secret location
  somewhere in Mongolia.

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Chinggis Legacy

• The four most significant legacies of Chinggis
  Khan are his tolerance of many religions
  his creation of the Mongols' first script
  (written language) his support for trade and
  crafts his creation of a legal code
  specific to the Mongols' pastoral- nomadic
  way of life
• Recent DNA studies indicate that 1 out of every
  12 men alive today may be a descendant of
  Chinggis Khan

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The Mongol Empire at the death of Chinggis Khan
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The Mongols After Chinggis Death

• Chinggis sons and grandsons divided and expanded
  the Mongol Empire. There were four major
  Khanates
• The Great Khanate Mongolia and China
• The Kipchak Khanate (Golden Horde) Russia
• The Ilkhanate Persia and the Middle East
• The Chagatai Khanate Central Asia
• By maintaining law and order, the Mongols
  instituted the Pax Mongolica or Mongolian
  Peace.

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The Mongols After Chinggis Death

• The Mongols continued to practice religious
  toleration
• A postal system for sending messages was
  established
• Trade and commerce were encouraged, trade routes
  were kept open and guarded by Mongol soldiers

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The Mongol Ecumene (Community)
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Mongol Conquests After Chinggis Death

• Batu Khan (grandson) invaded Russia between
  1236-1242.
• The capital of Kiev and many other Russian cities
  were destroyed, and the Russians reduced to
  peasants.
• Batu and his successors then invaded Eastern
  Europe and penetrated all the way to Vienna.
• The death of Ogadei Khan (son of Chinggis) caused
  the Mongols to retreat to Central Asia, never
  returning to Europe.

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Mongol Conquests After Chinggis Death

• Hulagu Khan (grandson) invaded the Middle East in
  1256-57 and destroyed the Islamic heartland.
• The Seljuk Turks, who had dominated Dar alIslam,
  were permanently weakened.
• In 1257 Baghdad was sacked and burned. The last
  Abbasid Caliph was chopped to pieces.
• The Mongols destroyed many other Islamic cities
  before being stopped by the Mameluke Turks in
  Egypt.

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The Mongols in China

• Until recently, most historians assumed that the
  Mongols impact on China (as well as the rest of
  their empire) was only negative.
• The Mongol conquest of China caused great loss of
  life
• The Mongols eliminated (temporarily) the
  Confucian examination system
• The Mongols distrusted the Chinese and placed
  them at the bottom of their hierarchy.

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The Mongols in China

• The Mongols did encourage trade and international
  contacts which were helpful to China
• The Mongols also adapted or borrowed ideas from
  the Chinese for their governments.
• The Mongols also patronized artists and
  scientists in China.

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Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty

• Kublai Khan, grandson of Chinggis, became Great
  Khan in 1260
• By 1279 he had completely conquered the Southern
  Song and established the Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368.
• His Chinese capital was established at Daidu
  (modern Beijing)
• Kublai Khan preferred to use Chinese in his
  government, rather than having direct Mongol rule.

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Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty

• The Mongols encouraged artisans, artists, and
  poets in China.
• Chinese merchants, who had formerly had low
  status, were now favored by the Mongols.
• The Mongols reopened and guarded trade routes and
  increased the supply of paper money in China and
  the rest of their empire.
• The Mongols were religiously tolerant. Buddhists
  themselves, they allowed Muslims, Christians, and
  others to worship freely throughout their empire.
• The Mongols established a vast road and
  communication system throughout China

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Kublai Khan and his favorite wife, Chabi
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Mongol Women

• Mongol women were accustomed to a great deal of
  independence and freedom.
• In China, Mongol women refused to accept
  footbinding.
• This, and the open manner in which Chabi and
  other Mongol women lived, shocked the Chinese.

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The Forbidden City

• Kublai Khans palace complex in Daidu
• Constructed in many different architectural
  styles to symbolize the multicultural nature of
  the empire.
• Also contained a huge campground on which the
  Mongols would camp in yurts once or twice a year.

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Mongol Collapse in China

• Two failed invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281
• Kublai Khan gradually lost interest in life after
  the death of Chabi and retreated to the Forbidden
  City
• Neo-Confucianists in China opposed the Mongols as
  foreign invaders
• Mongol dislike for the Chinese was alienating.
• After Kublais death in 1294 there were
  succession problems and economic decline.
• Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes) increased
  in the early 1300s
• The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming
  Dynasty in 1368, and the Mongols were driven out
  of China.

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The Fall of the Mongolian Khanates

• Overexpansion meant the empire grew too large to
  be successfully governed.
• Succession problems plagued the khanates.
• Economic decline and rebellions also played a
  role.
• By the late 1300s only the Kipchak Khanate or
  Golden Horde remained in place.

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Timur-i-Lang The Last Gasp of the Mongols
1336-1405

• Claimed to be a descendant of Chinggis Khan
• Created large empire in Central Asia
• Attempted but failed in the conquest of China
• Patron of the arts, encouraged trade
• Destructive, merciless, conqueror

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Consequences of the Mongol Empire

• Reopening of the trade routes between Europe and
  Asia increased trade and other contacts.
• The destruction of Dar alIslam and the weakening
  of the Seljuk Turks allowed the Ottoman Turks to
  move into the Middle East.
• Russia was cut off from European contact.
  Princes from Moscow led the final revolt against
  the Mongols, and that city became the new Russian
  capital

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Consequences of the Mongol Empire

• The opening of the trade routes and encouragement
  of trade allowed bubonic plague to enter Europe.
• The Ottoman Turks in the Middle East were more
  interested in military expansion than trade
  Conquest Over Commerce.

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The World After the Mongols

• The new Ming Dynasty in China was proud of the
  return to native Chinese rule.
• To reinforce this pride, the Ming Emperor
  authorized voyages to the Indian Ocean to
  demonstrate Chinese power and to collect tribute.
• The admiral in charge of the voyages was Zheng He.

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Zheng He (Cheng Ho) 1371-1435

• Born a Muslim in southwest China
• Captured and castrated by Ming soldiers at age 10
  
• Sent to Beijing to serve, with other eunuchs, in
  the emperors court
• Highly intelligent and well educated
• Intent on asserting Chinas power in the world.

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Zheng Hes treasure ships
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Zheng Hes treasure ships

• Three and four masted ships were built by the
  Chinese as early as the 8th century.
• The Song and Yuan Dynasties continued to build
  larger ships with compartments, holds for fresh
  water, and private cabins.
• The Ming Dynasty introduced treasure ships 400
  feet long, with nine masts, twelve sails, four
  decks, and room for hundreds of passengers and
  tons of cargo.
• The ships were armed with small cannons.

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The Seven Ming Voyages

• 1405-07 317 ships (60 treasure ships) 28,000
  passengers. S.E. Asia, Malacca, India
• 1407-09 68 ships to India
• 1409-1148 ships to Malacca, Ceylon, India
• 1413-15 63 ships to Persian Gulf

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The Seven Ming Voyages

• 1417-19 Persian Gulf, Red Sea, East Coast of
  Africa
• 1421-22 Red Sea, East Coast of Africa
• 1431-33 100 ships, 27,000 men. South China Sea,
  Indian Ocean, Red Sea

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Opposition to the Ming Voyages

• Neo-Confucianists opposed the Ming Voyages for
  several reasons
• The Mongols and other enemies could attack by
  land
• The voyages were wasteful and extravagant
• Money could be better spent on internal
  improvements to the Grand Canal
• Foreign trade was unnecessary and would only hurt
  China.
• The eunuchs who supported the voyages were not
  really Chinese and therefore suspect.

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The Voyages End

• In 1433 the Neo-Confucianists convinced the
  Emperor to order a halt to the voyages.
• The treasure ships were ordered dismantled
• Ships larger than two masts were banned.
• Records of the voyages were ordered destroyed.
• Zheng He died in 1435, almost forgotten.

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Changes in Europe

• The 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries were a period
  of growth and development for Western Europe.
• Warmer weather, longer growing seasons, and
  better tools increased agricultural production
  and population.
• Trade and commerce grew and encouraged
  urbanization and wealth

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The Calamitous 14th Century

• Climate changes led to The Little Ice Age in
  the Northern Hemisphere ca 1300-1800.

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The Hundred Years War 1337-1453

• Conflict between England and France
• One of numerous conflicts during the 14th century.

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The Famine of 1315-1317

• By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the
  land they could cultivate.
• A population crisis developed.
• Climate changes in Europe produced three years of
  crop failures between 1315-17 because of
  excessive rain.
• As many as 15 of the peasants in some English
  villages died.
• One consequence ofstarvation povertywas
  susceptibility todisease.

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The Black Death!!!

• May have originated in East Africa among small
  rodents.
• Drought conditions (El Nino) caused the rodents
  to migrate to East African cities on Indian Ocean
  coast.
• Ships traveling to India and China carried the
  plague.
• Plague then traveled across Eurasia on recently
  reopened trade routes (Mongols)

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The Black Death!!!

• The plague arrived in Constantinople in 1347
• It reached Italy later that year and spread
  through the rest of Europe by 1349.
• Travelers on trade routes carried the plague
  throughout Europe
• One third of Europes population died

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Symptoms
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Black Death Flagellants
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A Physician
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Lancing the Buboes
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The Plague Today
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Recovering from the 14th Century

• New Monarchies England, France, Spain, Portugal
  centralized governments reestablished by 1400
• Economic recovery took longer, but was well
  underway by 1450.
• In Northern Italy, movement was well underway
  towards a new era . . .

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The Renaissance

• Secular rather than religious (humanism)
• Turning away from the Medieval Era
• Idealization of classical culture
• Began in Northern Italys urban areas among
  wealthy merchants (il popolo grosso)
• Centered in Florence

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Renaissance Attitudes

• Curiosity, interest in science and discovery
• Man is the Measure of all Things
• Have better life in the present world

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Early Renaissance Creative Spirits

• Dante Aligheri 1265-1321
• Author of The Divine Comedy
• Written in the vernacular
• Father of the Italian Language
• Love Poems to Beatrice

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Early Renaissance Creative Spirits

• Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374
• Father of Humanism
• Creator of the Sonnet
• Recovered Greek and Roman texts
• Love poems to Laura

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Early Renaissance Creative Spirits

• Giovanni Bocaccio 1313-1375
• Author of The Decameron
• Spoof of Medieval poetry and the cult of the
  ideal woman

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Early Renaissance Creative Spirits

• Lorenzo Valla 1407-1454
• Developed linguistic analysis to determine age
  and authenticity
• Proved The Donation of Constantine was a forgery
• Faith in the Church was shaken for many

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Early Renaissance Creative Spirits

• Giotto di Bondone 1267-1337
• The first modern painter
• Naturalistic, three dimensional paintings

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The Madonna in Glory
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The Madonna in Majesty
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The Epiphany
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The Mourning of Christ
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The Duomo and The Campanile di Giotto (Florence)
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The High Renaissance

• Late 1400s through mid 1500s
• Active Periods of the three greatest Renaissance
  artists
• Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519
• Raphael Sanzio 1483-1520
• Michelangelo Buonarrati 1475-1564

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Leonardo The Virgin of the Rocks
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Leonardo The Mona Lisa
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Leonardo The Last Supper
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Leonardo Sketches and Plans
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Leonardo Notebooks
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Raphael Madonnas
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Raphael Portraits
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Raphael The School of Athens
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Michelangelo The Pieta
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Michelangelo David
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Michelangelo The Dying Slave
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Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Ceiling
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Michelangelo Sistine Chapel
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Michelangelo Sistine Chapel
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Michelangelo Sistine Chapel
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Michelangelo The Last Judgment
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Michelangelo The Last Judgment
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Northern Renaissance Jan Van Eyck
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Northern Renaissance Hans Holbein
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Europe by the 1400s

• Expanding economies
• Strong interest in trade for Asian luxury goods
• Ottoman Empire blocked eastern trade routes
• Desire for alternative trade routes
• Shortages of gold and other precious metals
• Negative balance of trade
• New shipbuilding methods and technology
  encouraged sea exploration

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The Reconquista

• After Italy, the next most important area of
  change in Europe was the Iberian peninsula
• In the war called The Reconquista, the Spanish
  and Portuguese drove out the Muslims by 1492
• Spanish and Portuguese monarchs regarded the
  defense and expansion of Christianity as a sacred
  duty

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Other Changes Beyond Europe

• Ethnocentrism judging other cultures by your own
  standards
• In the Americas, Aztec and Inca cultures were
  already having difficulties (economic, political)
  by the late 1400s.
• The Ottoman Turks in the Middle East were
  increasingly unable to deal with European
  competition

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Polynesian Migrations
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Polynesian Migrations

• Migrations through the Polynesian islands
  continued.
• Hawaii developed an agricultural society based on
  swine. It was divided into regional kingdoms
  with stratified societies dominated by priests
  and nobles.

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Polynesian Migrations

• Another migration pattern led settlers to the
  islands now called New Zealand.
• The Maoris developed a warlike culture based on
  agriculture
• The Polynesian cultures developed in total
  isolation from other civilizations

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