PE 363 22MAR2004

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PE 363 22MAR2004
We ought to obey God rather than men.  The God
of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and
hanged on a tree.  Him hath God exalted with his
right hand to be a Prince and a Saviour, for to
give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of
sins.  And we are his witnesses of these things
and so is also the Holy Ghost, whom God hath
given to them that obey him.
Acts 5 29-32
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Learning Objectives
w Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations to
aerobic training
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CARDIAC OUTPUT AND TRAINING
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Key Points
Cardiac Output Adaptations
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Blood Flow Increases With Training
w Increased capillarization of trained muscles
(higher capillary-to-fiber ratio)
w Greater opening of existing capillaries in
trained muscles
w More effective blood redistributionblood goes
where it is needed
w Increased blood volume
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Key Points
Blood Pressure and Training
w Blood pressure changes little during submaximal
or maximal exercise.
w Resting blood pressure (both systolic and
diastolic) is lowered with endurance training in
individuals with borderline or moderate
hypertension.
w Blood pressure during lifting heavy weights can
cause increases in systolic and diastolic blood
pressure, but resting blood pressure after weight
lifting tends to not change or decrease.
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CARDIAC OUTPUT AND TRAINING
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Key Points
Cardiac Output Adaptations
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Blood Flow Increases With Training
w Increased capillarization of trained muscles
(higher capillary-to-fiber ratio)
w Greater opening of existing capillaries in
trained muscles
w More effective blood redistributionblood goes
where it is needed
w Increased blood volume
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BLOOD AND PLASMA VOLUME AND TRAINING
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Key Points
Blood Volume and Training
w Endurance training, especially intense
training, increases blood volume.
w Blood volume increases due to an increase in
plasma volume (increases in ADH, aldosterone, and
plasma proteins cause more fluid to be retained
in the blood).
w Red blood cell volume increases, but increase
in plasma volume is higher thus, hematocrit
decreases.
w Blood viscosity decreases, thus improving
circulation and enhancing oxygen delivery.
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Key Points
Blood Pressure and Training
w Blood pressure changes little during submaximal
or maximal exercise.
w Resting blood pressure (both systolic and
diastolic) is lowered with endurance training in
individuals with borderline or moderate
hypertension.
w Blood pressure during lifting heavy weights can
cause increases in systolic and diastolic blood
pressure, but resting blood pressure after weight
lifting tends to not change or decrease.
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Cardiovascular Adaptations to Training
w Left ventricle size and wall thickness increase
w Stroke volume increases
w Resting and submaximal heart rates decrease
w Maximal heart rate stays the same or decreases
w Blood volume increases
w Blood pressure does not change or slightly
decreases
w Cardiac output is better distributed to active
muscles
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Key Points
Respiratory Adaptations to Training
w Static lung volumes remain unchanged tidal
volume, unchanged at rest and during submaximal
exercise, increases with maximal exertion.
w Respiratory rate stays steady at rest,
decreases with submaximal exercise, and can
increase dramatically with maximal exercise after
training.
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Key Points
Respiratory Adaptations to Training
w Pulmonary diffusion increases at maximal work
rates.
w The respiratory system is seldom a limiter of
endurance performance.
w All the major adaptations of the respiratory
system to training are most apparent during
maximal exercise.
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Metabolic Adaptations to Training
Lactate threshold increases.
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BLOOD LACTATE AND TRAINING
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Did You Know?
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Level of conditioningmax is reached within 8 to
18 months of heavy endurance training
Genderlower in women than men (20 to 25 lower
in untrained women 10 lower in highly trained
women)
Specificity of trainingthe closer training is to
the sport to be performed, the greater the
improvement and performance in that sport
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Aerobic Endurance and Performance
w Major defense against fatigue which limits
optimal performance.
w Should be the primary emphasis of training for
health and fitness.
w All athletes can benefit from maximizing their
endurance.
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MODELING ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE