Vertebrate Characteristics

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Vertebrate Characteristics

• Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum
  Vertebrata

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Chordata Characteristics

• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Notochord (back cord)
• Pharyngeal gill slits/arches
• /- postanal tail

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• 500 million years ago Ordovician Period
• About 50,000 species known

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Geologic PeriodsPALEOZOIC ERA

• Cambrian Period 600 mya
• appearance of all major invertebrate phyla 
• Ordovician Period 500
• appearance of vertebrates (ostracoderms)
• Silurian Period 440
• archaic fishes 

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• -Devonian Period 410
• age of fishes first amphibians
• -Carboniferous Period 360
• amphibians dominant first reptiles
• -Permian Period 290
• primitive reptiles, decline of early
  amphibians

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MESOZOIC ERA (age of reptiles 185 million yrs.
duration) -Triassic Period 245 first dinosaurs,
turtles, mammals -Jurassic Period 210 reptiles
dominant first birds arc. mammals -Cretaceous
Period 145 extinction large reptiles
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• CENOZOIC ERA
• (age of mammals 65 million yrs. duration)

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Key Points

• From the Geologic Periods page, name 3 of the
  most important dates events

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Origins of Vertebrates

• Prochordate, such as Amphioxus
• Compare to Ammocoete larvae

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Amphioxus
Larval agnathan - Ammocoetes
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Vertebrate Characteristics
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SUPERCLASS AGNATHA

• Ostracoderms

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SUPERCLASS AGNATHA

• Cyclostomes

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Agnatha
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Lampreys Hagfishes or Slime Eels
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SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA

• Class Acanthodii

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Class Placodermi
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Class Chondrichthyes

• Cartilaginous fish

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(Chondrichthyes)Subclass Elasmobranchii
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Class ChondrichthyesSubclass Elasmobranchii
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Class ChondrichthyesSubclass Holocephali
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Bony Fish

• Osteichthyes
• Greatest number of species of vertebrates

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Class Actinopterygii

• Ray-finned fish
• Operculum
• Bony skeleton
• Terminal mouth
• Swim bladder in most

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Subclass Chondrostei - paddlefish
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Subclass Chondrostei - sturgeon
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Subclass NeopterygiiOrder Holostei (gar)
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Subclass Neopterygiiorder Holostei - bowfin
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Subclass Neopterygiidivision Teleostei
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• perfect bone
• 95 of all fish
• Modern cycloid or ctenoid scales

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Class Sarcopterygii

• Fleshy finned fish

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Class SarcopterygiiSuperorder Dipnoi
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Class SarcopterygiiSuperorder Crossopterygii
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Latimeria Coelocanth
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Transition from water to land
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Class Amphibia

• Both life
• Fewest numbers of species
• Terrestrial life changes
• More oxygen in atmosphere than water
• Air less dense than water for body support
• More temperature fluctuations

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Class AmphibiaSubclass Labyrinthodontia

• OLDEST TETRAPOD, about 350 mya
• Crossopterygian features such as dermal scales,
  ray-fin tail, skull and sensory structures
  fish-like
• GAVE RISE TO REPTILES

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Class AmphibiaSubclass Lissamphibia

• Smooth amphibians
• Monophyletic or Diphyletic evolution
• Skin with glands and keratin
• No dermal scales
• Double circulatory system
• Ectothermic
• Need water for reproduction

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Subclass Lissamphibia

• Order Proanura
• Order Anura

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Subclass LissamphibiaOrder Urodela
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Subclass LissamphibiaOrder Apoda
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Class Reptilia

• Creeps
• Origin in mid-Carboniferous period
• Origin from labyrinthodonts
• Amniotes
• Keratinized skin with scales
• Stronger skeleton

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Class ReptiliaSubclass AnapsidaExtinct stem
reptiles
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Anapsida
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Lepidosauria
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Archosauria
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Euryapsida
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Class ReptiliaSubclass Synapsida

• Therapsids ANCESTOR OF MAMMALS

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Class Aves

• Originated from bipedal dinosaurs
• Archaeopteryx in Jurassic Period
• Feathers
• No teeth in modern birds
• Endothermic
• Four chambered heart
• Complex behavior/social organization

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Class AvesSubclass Archaeornithes
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Class AvesSubclass Neornithes
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Class Mammalia

• breast
• Originated from Therapsids
• Hair
• Mammary glands
• Four chambered heart
• Diaphragm
• Dentary is sole lower jaw bone

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Class MammaliaSubclass Prototheria
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Class MammaliaSubclass Theria

• Breast or PLACENTA or hair

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Subclass TheriaInfraclass Metatheria
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Subclass TheriaInfraclass Eutheria
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Key Point Classify Vertebrates

• Gnathostome, Agnathostome

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Key Point Classify Vertebrates

• Amniote, Anamniote

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Key Point Classify Vertebrates

• Homeotherm/Endotherm
• Poikilotherm/Ectotherm

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Key Point Classify Vertebrates

• Fish, Tetrapod