ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS SECURE Project

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ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS
SECURE Project sponsored at UC Berkeley by
the California Energy Commission Richard M.
White, EECS Dept. Sensor Team
15 August 2008
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ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS


Residential/Commercial Distribution Systems
Transmission Systems
120 660 V 4 69
KV 115 KV and up
AC RMS VOLTAGE
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ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS
BASIS
MEMS
Wireless passive proximity measurement of AC
current, voltage, phase, power
Residential/Commercial Distribution Systems
Transmission Systems
120 240 V 4 69 KV
115 KV and up
AC RMS VOLTAGE
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ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS
Wireless passive proximity measurement of
voltage, current, phase, power
Demand Response Fault detection Metering
System monitoring, control
System monitoring, control
APPLICATIONS
Residential/Commercial Distribution Systems
Transmission Systems
120 240 V 4 69 KV
115 KV and up
AC RMS VOLTAGE
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ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS
Energy scavenging from energized circuit via
sensor efficient rectifier
Wireless passive proximity measurement of
voltage, current, phase, power
System monitoring, control
Demand Response Fault detection Metering
System monitoring, control
Residential/Commercial Distribution Systems
Transmission Systems
120 240 V 4 69 KV
115 KV and up
AC RMS VOLTAGE
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ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS
Energy scavenging from energized circuit via
sensor efficient rectifier
Wireless passive proximity measurement of
voltage, current, phase, power
System monitoring, control
Demand Response Fault detection Metering
System monitoring, control
Conductor temperature measurement
Residential/Commercial Distribution Systems
Transmission Systems
120 240 V 4 69 KV
115 KV and up
AC RMS VOLTAGE
7
ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS
Energy scavenging from energized circuit via
sensor efficient rectifier
Wireless passive proximity measurement of
voltage, current, phase, power
System monitoring, control
Demand Response Fault detection Metering
System monitoring, control
Conductor temperature measurement
Residential/Commercial Distribution Systems
Transmission Systems
120 240 V 4 69 KV
115 KV and up
AC RMS VOLTAGE
8
ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS
Energy scavenging from energized circuit via
sensor efficient rectifier
Wireless passive proximity measurement of
voltage, current, phase, power
System monitoring, control
Demand Response Fault detection Metering
System monitoring, control
Conductor temperature measurement
Line sag measurement Vegetation growth detection
Assessment of U/G cable aging
Residential/Commercial Distribution Systems
Transmission Systems
120 240 V 4 69 KV
115 KV and up
AC RMS VOLTAGE
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ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF MEMS
Energy scavenging from energized circuit via
sensor efficient rectifier
Wireless passive proximity measurement of
voltage, current, phase, power
System monitoring, control
Demand Response Fault detection Metering
System monitoring, control
Conductor temperature measurement

Line sag measurement Vegetation growth detection
Residential/Commercial Distribution Systems
Transmission Systems
120 240 V 4 69 KV
115 KV and up
AC RMS VOLTAGE
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Specifics
Wireless passive proximity measurement of
voltage, current, phase, power
MEMS
Suite of MEMS-based sensors in different
voltage ranges conceived
Sensors can also derive energy from nearby
conductors prototype 88 efficient synchronous
rectifier developed at UCB (Seeman and Sanders)
Can add temperature sensor on-board. MEMS
accelerome- ter sag sensor has been described in
literature were looking at electric field.
Vegetation growth ? liability?
Line sag measurement Vegetation growth detection
Can you determine voltages from remote E-fields?
Analysis, hardware questions.
Remote (non-MEMS) field-based voltage measurement
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Specifics
Staffing Giovanni Gonzalez, Michael Seidel, Bo
Zhang Igor Paprotny (Post-Doc with MEMS
experience joining Sept. 1)
Off-Site 3 grad students and Prof. White
visited and did experiments at Steven Boggs lab
(U. Conn.) in May, 2008. Prof. White attended
EPRI-NEETRAC meeting in Chicago in June 2008
(NEETRAC offer from Nigel Hampton to test our
sensors there).
Review of Five Proposed Methods for Studying
In-Service Cables (from our Workshop held 25-26
February 2008)
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Five Methods for Studying In-Service Cables
1. Measure, with small probe, dependence on
instantaneous applied voltage of permittivity of
cable insulator, and determine nonlinearity
Giovanni Gonzalez, Michael Seidel
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Five Methods for Studying In-Service Cables
1. Measure, with small probe, dependence on
instantaneous applied voltage of permittivity of
cable insulator, and determine nonlinearity 2.
Probe electric fields or potentials just outside
cable to infer insulator permittivity, and
determine nonlinearity as applied voltage changes
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COMSOL simulation (by Piero Marcolongo, Prof.
Evans student) of electric potential shows
substantial AC potential exists just outside
jacket between adjacent concentric neutrals, and
that its amplitude is affected by permittivity of
insulator there. Will attempt with a properly
shielded microsensor to detect this potential to
measure insulator properties at different times
in applied voltage cycle looking for
nonlinearity.
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Five Methods for Studying In-Service Cables
1. Measure, with small probe, dependence on
instantaneous applied voltage of permittivity of
cable insulator, and determine nonlinearity 2.
Probe electric fields or potentials just outside
cable to infer insulator permittivity, and
determine nonlinearity as applied voltage
changes 3. At cable end, measure currents in
individual concentric neutrals to identify open
concentric neutrals (no current) and asymmetry
(detect possible degradation near concentric
neutral wire)
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Five Methods for Studying In-Service Cables
1. Measure, with small probe, dependence on
instantaneous applied voltage of permittivity of
cable insulator, and determine nonlinearity 2.
Probe electric fields or potentials just outside
cable to infer insulator permittivity, and
determine nonlinearity as applied voltage
changes 3. At cable end, measure currents in
individual concentric neutrals to identify open
concentric neutrals (no current) and asymmetry
(detect possible degradation near concentric
neutral wire)
MEMS-based version of passive proximity AC
current sensor. Permanent magnet couples to AC
magnetic field to drive piezoelectric-coated canti
lever and produce proportional AC voltage output
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Five Methods for Studying In-Service Cables
1. Measure, with small probe, dependence on
instantaneous applied voltage of permittivity of
cable insulator, and determine nonlinearity 2.
Probe electric fields or potentials just outside
cable to infer insulator permittivity, and
determine nonlinearity as applied voltage
changes 3. At cable end, measure currents in
individual concentric neutrals to identify open
concentric neutrals (no current) and asymmetry
(detect possible degradation near concentric
neutral wire) 4. Using pairs of concentric
neutral wires as transmission line,
from reflections and/or loss infer insulator
permittivity and loss as function
of instantaneous applied voltage to determine
nonlinearity
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High-voltage pulsed source (electrostatic
discharge tester, gift of Kikusui Corp.) might
launch usable pulse through jacket
non-destructively onto a concentric neutral wire
transmission line. Source voltages adjustable
from -30 kV to 30 kV, central spike 1 ns
duration, pulse shoulder to 60 ns.
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Five Methods for Studying In-Service Cables
1. Measure, with small probe, dependence on
instantaneous applied voltage of permittivity of
cable insulator, and determine nonlinearity 2.
Probe electric fields or potentials just outside
cable to infer insulator permittivity, and
determine nonlinearity as applied voltage
changes 3. At cable end, measure currents in
individual concentric neutrals to identify open
concentric neutrals (no current) and asymmetry
(detect possible degradation near concentric
neutral wire) 4. Using pairs of concentric
neutral wires as transmission line,
from reflections and/or loss infer insulator
permittivity and loss as function
of instantaneous applied voltage to determine
nonlinearity 5. Using surface guided wave, from
propagation velocity, reflections and loss as
function of instantaneous applied voltage, infer
insulator permittivity, loss and nonlinearity
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Surface wave RF transmission line with waves
guided by dielectric coated conductor. Low loss
at high frequencies (Goubau line). Conventional
insulated distribution cable would guide it. Its
propagation characteristics might be affected by
dielectric nonuniformities in the cable insulator.
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Five Methods for Studying In-Service Cables
1. Measure, with small probe, dependence on
instantaneous applied voltage of permittivity of
cable insulator, and determine nonlinearity 2.
Probe electric fields or potentials just outside
cable to infer insulator permittivity, and
determine nonlinearity as applied voltage
changes 3. At cable end, measure currents in
individual concentric neutrals to identify open
concentric neutrals (no current) and asymmetry
(detect possible degradation near concentric
neutral wire) 4. Using pairs of concentric
neutral wires as transmission line,
from reflections and/or loss infer insulator
permittivity and loss as function
of instantaneous applied voltage to determine
nonlinearity 5. Using surface guided wave, from
propagation velocity, reflections and loss as
function of instantaneous applied voltage, infer
insulator permittivity, loss and nonlinearity
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Specifics
(continued)
Where do we stand on these proposed techniques?
1. Interdigital sensor to measure dependence
of insulator permittivity on electric field a.
Simulation of test device b. Designed/submitted
photomask for Microlab fabrication ? TEST with
solid dielectric ? TEST
with short length of cable ? PLAN TEST with
energized cable
2. Electric field sticking out of cable a.
Materials Team did simulation showing detectable
external field can this
be detected and is that useful? b. Design/build
an electrostatic sensor for use at power
frequency (we have an
inexpensive commercial E-field sensor but it
works well only at very
high frequencies) ? TEST with short length of
cable at 5 kV (Material
Team lab)
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Specifics
(continued)
3. Instrumentation for measuring uniformity of
concentric neutral currents a. Current
detection test at Prof. Boggs lab with short
length of cable b. PGE gift of current
transformer from San Ramon lab for current
source c. Holder for current sensors
designed/built d. Obtained/mounting very
sensitive 2-axis commercial magnetometer chip to
TEST on short length of
cable, along with Berkeley current sensor
(piezoelectric-coated cantilever
with magnet) e. SIMULATE external magnetic
fields for different drive conditions (noise
issue)
4. RF transmission lines that are integral to
cable concentric neutral wires a. Tested
earlier using 8-foot cable measuring
transmission/loss b. Analyzed two-wire line
large loss so use strong external drive c. Two
sources now in house spark coil (7 kV?) ESD
tester (30 kV, few ns
pulse length) ? TEST with existing cable
(8-foot) HELP! WE NEED
MORE NEW OR OLD CABLE 100 FEET?
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ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS OF
MEMS SUMMARY

• Many possible applications for wireless MEMS
  sensors
• Progress on in-service U/G distribution cable
  assessment
• Simulation/design/start of fabrication of
  interdigital sensor to
• measure voltage dependence of insulator
  permittivity (nonlinear?)
• Considering design of sensor to detect electric
  field leakage from cable to compare with
  simulation
• Instrumentation/preliminary test of ability to
  measure CN currents
• Excitation of integral RF transmission lines to
  test cable irregularities begun

• Consideration of voltage, current, power sensing
  for distribution voltages and higher