Historical Development of Physical Education Curriculum

1
Historical Development of Physical Education
Curriculum

• KIN 125

2
www.starkcenter.org
3
Bernarr MacfaddenAugust 16, 1868-October 12, 1955

• http//www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden6.html
• http//www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden4.html

4
Study of History

• Influence of individuals
• Innovations
• Institutions
• Impact of Social Forces

5
Social Forces

• Religious Influences
• Immigration
• Philanthropy
• Urbanization
• Industrialization
• Educational Movements
• Technological Developments

6
Religious InfluencesColonial America

• Puritans New England Colonies
• Anglican Middle Colonies

7
Immigration

• German Turners
• Settled in Midwest America during the 1840s
• Introduction of German gymnastics in school
  systems

8
Philanthropy

• Mary Hemenway in Boston
• Introduction of Swedish System

9
Urbanization

• Health Problems associated with demographic
  changes
• Increase demand for recreation
• Promotion of sport for entertainment
• Need for social health concerns

10
Industrialization

• Modifications in labor conditions
• Consumerism

11
Educational Movements

• Development of European models in America
• Harvard and Yale modeled after Oxford and
  Cambridge
• Round Hill School Northampton, Mass.

12
Technological Developments

• Mass Media
• Developments in transportation and communication
• Mass production of consumer goods

13
The Beginning of Physical Education
Johann Bernhard Basedow 1723-1790 First to
recognize the importance of exercise Required a
specific uniform for his students to allow
unrestricted movement Offered a camp for 2
months during the summer for the children
14
Curriculum Development 19th Century

• Beck, Follen, and Lieber
• German Gymnastics
• Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Father of Gymnastics
• 1848 Friedrich Hecker in Cincinnati
• Large Muscle development

15
A Teacher Is Born
Charles Beck 1798-1866 ?Friend and follower of
Jahn ?Was hired to teach Latin and Physical
Education in the form of German
gymnastics ?Became the first official Physical
Education teacher in America
16
(No Transcript)
17
From  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by
GutsMuthsFrom  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793)
by GutsMuthsGymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by
GutsMuths
18
Turnplatz
19
(No Transcript)
20
Swedish Gymnastics

• Father of Swedish gymnastics Per Henrik Ling
• Introduced in Boston through philanthropic
  efforts of Mary Hemenway
• Baron Nils Posse Training Institute
• Alternative to German gymnastics
• Light gymnastics with therapeutic emphasis

21
Per Henrik Ling

• Father of Swedish gymnastics

22
Lewis System

• Dio Lewis, M.D.
• Medical gymnastics (new gymnastics)
• First physical education teacher training
  institute 1861 in Boston

23
Promoting Physical Education
Diocletian (Dio) Lewis 1823-1866 ? Did more to
promote physical education than any other single
individual ? Wanted the feeble, old, fat, frail
and women to have a system they could use ?
Opened the Normal Institute of Physical Education
in Boston ? Invented bean bags and wooden
dumbells ? Also used music to enhance his
exercises For More Information go
to http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis
24
Beecher System

• Catherine Beecher of famous Beecher family
• Developed calisthenics for females
• Two female schools Cincinnati and Hartford
• Called for the importance of physical activity
  for females

25
Hitchcock System

• Edward Hitchcock, M.D. hired as the first
  physical educator to have professorial rank, in
  1861. He had the status of Assistant Professor of
  Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College
• Development of anthropometrics
• Group calisthenics accompanied to music

26
Sargent System

• Dudley Sargent, M.D., hired in 1879 as Assistant
  Professor of Physical Training and Director of
  Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University
• Anthropometrics
• Individual Exercise program
• Over 90 patents for exercise machines

27
The Exercise Machine
Dudley Allen Sargent 1840-1924 ? Invented over
80 machines, using pulleys weights ?
Contributed to anthropometric measurements - He
took these measurements and compared them with
standards at a given age, whereupon a series of
prescribed exercises was given to meet the
demands of each particular case
28
(No Transcript)
29
Growth of Intercollegiate Sport

• Began as class rivalries in the 1820s
• Developed into club teams in the 1840s
• First Intercollegiate contest in 1852 rowing
  match between Harvard and Yale
• First Intercollegiate football contest occurred
  in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton

30
Intercollegiate Growth (cont.)

• International collegiate match in 1869 between
  Harvard and Oxford on the Thames River
• Football is modified in 1874
• By 1880s attendance of over 40,000 spectators
  during national championship
• President Roosevelt convenes White House meeting
  in 1905

31
Interschool Athletics

• Popularization of school sports in the early
  1900s
• Organization of state associations in the 1920s

32
Recreation

• Urban recreation programs as early as 1827 Boston
  opens the first municipal recreation center
• 1820s boating clubs in Boston
• 1842 New York Knickerbockers
• 1845 Alexander Joy Cartwright codifies baseball
  rules
• Amateur baseball clubs throughout the north east

33
20th Century

• In 1910 Clark Hetherington introduces the new
  physical education (see pp.40-41 231-232)
• Broadens the view that neuromuscular activities
  in the form of play leads to character
  development
• The view that physical education activities
  contribute to the goals of education

34
20th cent. Cont.

• Philosophical view of Education Through the
  Physical. Espoused that physical education
  contributed to social and moral development.
• Jesse Feiring Williams
• Jay Nash
• Thomas Wood
• Luther Gulick YMCA triangle

35
Two Philosophical Views

• Education of the Physical the importance of
  training the physical as a goal in and of itself.
• Education through the Physical utilization of
  sports and games to develop behavioral goals such
  as social and moral development.