future of GIS

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(No Transcript)
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Today

• Evaluations
• Review whats happening next week
• Geocoding
• Ponder the future of GIS
• Geocoding Tutorial (7.1 only)

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• Geocoding is the process of plotting geographic
  locations for data stored in tabular format.
• Address Geocoding is the process of creating
  geometric representations for locations (such as
  points) from addresses in a non-spatial, tabular
  format

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Geocoding Examples
Emergency dispatch operators geocode an address
to determine who should respond to an emergency
call You driving to your friends house in
Denver using MapQuest.com Businesses map your
home zip code to understand regional purchasing
characteristics to fine-tune their marketing
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Address geocoding

• The objective is to match nontoplogical addresses
  in data files (.txt, .dbf, .mdb) called event
  tables to topological references in a reference
  theme.

reference theme map
event table
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reference theme table
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Address geocoding

• Sources for reference themes
• US Census Bureau TIGER (Topologically
  Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing)
• Canada Statistics Canada AMF (Area Master
  Files)
• UK Royal Mail PAF (Postcode Address File)

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Address geocoding

• TIGER, AMF, and PAF use different structures,
  BUT all use a topological model that contains a
  street network and address ranges for both sides
  of every street.

reference theme
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Address geocoding

• The software module that performs the geocoding
  is usually called the geocoding editor.
• ArcMaps geocoding editor is as follows we
  select Geocode gt Addresses, and then specify 1)
  an event table, 2) a reference theme, and 3) an
  output shapefile.

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Address Components

• Number 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
• Street Name 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA
  15213
• Street Type 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA
  15213
• Direction, suffix 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2,
  Pittsburgh, PA 15213
• Direction, prefix 123 Oak ST, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh,
  PA 15213
• Unit Number 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA
  15213
• Zone, city 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA
  15213
• Zone, zip code 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh,
  PA 15213
• Items for Single Number Street Address
• Address Unit
  City Zip Code
• 123 Oak ST W Apt. 2
  Pittsburgh 15213

A typical reference theme layout
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Linear Address Matching (Streets)

• Urban street maps
• four street address digits ranging from low to
  high for each side of a street segment.
• Left_from Left_to Right_from
  Right_to Street_name Type
• 101 199 100
  198 OAK ST

100
198
Oak St.
199
101
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Address Matching
Oak St
198
100
5950
6011
101
199
123
Pine Av
Attributes of Streets
Parity
Street_
To
Street
Side
From
Type
5950
98
Oak
R
E
2
St
5950
99
Oak
L
O
1
St
R
E
198
Oak
100
St
6011
199
Oak
L
O
101
St
6011
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Alias Tables

• DBF Table (whitehouse.dbf)
• Alias Address
• Casa Blanca 1500 Pennsylvania Ave
• The White House 1500 Pennsylvania Ave
• White House 1500 Pennsylvania Ave
• Washington White House 1500 Pennsylvania Ave

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Address Matchingin ArcGIS
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Address Matching in ArcMap

• Create a new Address Locator in ArcCatalog
• - Q What is an address locator?
• - A An address locator defines the process for
  translating nonspatial descriptions of places,
  such as street addresses, into spatial data that
  can be displayed as features on a map (GIS
  Dictionary - ESRI Support, Accessed April 1,
  2008)

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In ArcCatalog, create new Address locator
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In ArcCatalog, specify the reference data
(referencetheme) to which the address records
(event table)will be matched
The PAZIP.shphas zip codepolygons. We are
geo-coding zip-codes col-lected at anart
event.
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In ArcMap, open the Address Locator Manager
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In ArcMap, perform a match. You specifythe
event table (art show attendees), soon to be
geocoded to the existingreference theme
(PAZipCodes.shp).
Address Locator(referencetheme)
event table
new output .shp
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You have just geocoded by zip code!
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A spatial join creates a choropleth map
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Only do 7-1 (Geocode household hazardous waste
event participants by zip code)Due May 11
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Some geocoding sites

• http//zip4.usps.com/zip4/welcome.jsp
• http//maps.google.com/
• http//www.geocode.com/geocode.htm
• http//www.mapquest.com
• http//www.zipinfo.com

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The future of GIS
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• When GIS is the pinnacle of everything,
  geography loses. What is happening is that many
  GIS users have no knowledge of geography. With a
  few clicks of a button a GIS jockey can describe
  data's distribution but cannot explain why things
  are the way they are. A monkey can do that work.

http//catholicgauze.blogspot.com/2007/03/

• Should GIS separate from geography?

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According to Jack Dangermond (2008)

• My forecast is that as society becomes familiar
  with looking at things through geospatial
  visualization, they will be increasingly
  interested in services that go beyond simple maps
  and images. GIS servers managed by public and
  private GIS organizations will be used to provide
  these kinds of complementing services.

ESRI Founder Jack Dangermond Predicts the Future
of GIS Jan 11, 2008
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According to Roger Tomlinson (2009)

• Baumann What developments in GIS do you
  anticipate in the next 10 years? Tomlinson A lot
  of the current trends are going to continue.
  Hardware will continue to get cheaper and more
  powerful. Software will get easier to use and
  more robust. I hope the universities will
  continue to expand their course offerings to meet
  the growing need for GIS professionals. Senior
  management will become increasingly aware of the
  benefits that accrue from the use of GIS in their
  organizations. We will see more countries
  adopting national policies, and GIS will be an
  important part of cabinet-level discussions. I
  hope that trained geographers will become a part
  of national decision-making processes. Also, I
  think that high-level military personnel should
  have a good knowledge of the capabilities and
  potential of a GIS. Im very positive about the
  future of GIS. Its the right technology at the
  right time. When I think of all the major
  problems that we face throughout the world today
  - overpopulation, food shortages, reduced
  agricultural production, adverse climate change,
  poverty - these are all quintessentially
  geographic problems. These problems are all
  concerned with the human relationship to the
  land, and this is where GIS can make its biggest
  contribution. GIS is the technology of our times
  and is uniquely suited to assist in solving the
  problems that we face.

Father of GIS Roger Tomlinson on Developments
of GISthrough 2019 (Feb. 2009 interview)
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Some potentially hot markets?

• Web-based data access
• ArcIMS (Internet Map Server)
• provides GIS-based services w/out GIS software
  GIS for everyone!
• server-based mapping and basic analysis
• for web mapping applications
• Business marketing/advertising analysis
• business intelligence systems
• Projects integrating time
• urban growth/planning
• RS, NOAA
• environmental change/monitoring
• Health care/epidemiology (CDC, NIH, State Health
  Depts)
• Social sciences (survey, interview, census data)
• Military (especially GPS)
• Portable device software/products
• Large companies w/ out much GIS knowledge
• Open source GIS

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Where is GIS going?

• GISday summary of answers
• Web-based information sharing
• so Grandma Jones can use it
• do it yourself online
• interactive
• multiple orgs using same GIS
• As decision making proof
• prove it visually - people want to see
  advantages
• marketing analysis
• Real-time applications
• transportation (bus syst., pizza, cell phone
  where the hell am I)
• medical inter and intranet
• Security applications
• The war is being fought with GIS
• Interoperability
• to share data (ESRI guy)
• For maintenance of networks (pipes, utilities)
• Research part will stay same as needed (ESRI
  guy)
• Less emphasis on standards and more on filters

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Geospatial Intelligence, Middle East Conference
(5 10/13, 2009)

• Enhancing National Security And Enabling Military
  Support By Utilizing 21st Century Geospatial
  Intelligence Capabilities
• Effectively Exploiting Geospatial Intelligence To
  Enhance Regional Security And Support Future
  Battle Command
• The Operational Case For Effective Geospatial
  Intelligence
• Geospatial Intelligence Support To Military
  Operations
• Motion Imagery An Essential Part Of An Enhanced
  All Source GEOINT Exploitation Environment
• UAV Acquired Geospatial Intelligence Information
  Tactical And Future Applications
• Case-Study DigitalGlobe - Imagery For Crisis
  Operations
• Keeping Our Secrets Secret Effective Acquisition
  Of Assured Complex Systems
• Case Study Utilizing Collaborative Geospatial
  Intelligence To Support Operations The EU
  Satellite Centre
• Developing Effective Geospatial Intelligence
  Capabilities That Meet The Needs Of Multiple
  Stakeholders
• The Impact Of Spatial Data Quality On Decision
  Making
• Geographic Information A Key Driver For Modern
  Regional Development
• Making Sense Of The Deluge Integration Of Data,
  Accessibility To The Information And Exploitation
  Of The Geospatial Intelligence
• The Integration Of Defense Geospatial
  Intelligence
• Case Study Exploiting Geospatial Technology To
  Investigate Criminal And Terrorist Activities And
  Improve Civil Defense The D-SCENT Project
• Enhancing Interoperability Heading For The Too
  Hard Basket?
• Utilizing Space-Base Commercial Observation
  Capabilities To Enhance National And Regional
  Security
• Assessing The Possibilities Of Establishing A
  Regional Space Agency To Develop Intelligence
  Capabilities
• Addressing The Challenge Of Achieving True
  Interoperability

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What about geovisualization?

• It too will follow the money
• spatial data mining for
• marketing/advertising
• banking/stock market/real estate (location,
  location, location)
• animation/video games/movies
• virtual tourism/ virtual real estate
• military/pilot training
• What about research?
• used with hypothesis testing (this is happening
  now)
• knowledge discovery in databases (patterns)
• molecular/cosmic scales (non-human scales)
• genetic engineering/human imaging
• archaeology, geology, oil exploration,
  climatology, oceanography