Post-WW II Choice

1
Post-WW II Choice

• Regional Power
• vs.
• Global Power
• Choice Global (1947-1952)

2
Explaining the Cold War

• 1. Realism
• Power Rivalry
• the problem is Soviet power
• The strategy is balancing against Soviet power
• Example Relations with China

3
Explaining the Cold War

• 2. Idealism
• the problem is Communist values
• Anti-democratic
• Anti-free trade
• Human rights violations
• Expansionist dictators

4
Marxism, Communism

• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• The Communist Manifesto 1848
• Basics Capitalism is exploitation
• Rich exploit poor
• Government enforces exploitation
• Workers revolution
• Communism phase begins
• End private property create collective ownership

5
Communism in Power

• Soviet Union 1917
• 20 million deaths in 1950s
• Lenin Stalin

6
Communism in Power

• Peoples Republic of China 1949
• Estimates from 50-100 million (1949-76)
• Mao Zedong

7
Explaining the Cold War

• 3. Constructivist Explanation
• Incompatable identities
• US need to spread democracy and free markets
• Cant accept closed economies and dictatorships
• Russian insecurity
• Expanding to create buffer states

8
Explaining the Cold War

• 4. US economic imperialism (Soviet and left of
  center argument)
• US search for cheap labor and cheap resources
• But, analysis cannot ignore Soviet side of the
  equation

9
US Cold War Policies

• Anti-Soviet/Anti-Communist
• Free Markets
• Spreading Democracy
• Multilateralism
• Regional Conflict
• Deterrence and Forward Presence

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1. Anti-Soviet/Anti-Communism

• Truman Doctrine
• speech, March 1947
• NSC-68
• (US rearmament
• plan, 1950)
• Harry Truman

11
Division of Europe (By 1948)
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BipolarityThe Cold War Balance of Power

• Israel Syria/Egypt
• Ethiopia Somalia
• Taiwan China
• S. Korea N. Korea
• S. Viet Nam N. Viet Nam
• W. Berlin E. Berlin
• W. Germany E. Germany
• Britain/France/Japan Poland/Czech
• US USSR

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Containment

• Kennans Long Telegram as published in
• Foreign Affairs,
• The Sources of
• Soviet Conduct
• by X, 1947
• George Kennan

14
2. Free Markets

• Strong political
• economy strong stability
• through middle
• free markets class and failure
• economic and of
• social mobility communist
• subversion
• peace
• Still US belief that free markets will
  discourage radical ideologies
• (radical Islam in 21st century)

15
US Policies

• For Europe
• Marshall Plan Speech, June 1947
• Building Global Economic Order
• International Monetary Fund IMF
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT
  (example of GATT Agreements)
• World Trade Organization - WTO
• World Bank

16
3. Spreading Democracy

• The Good News
• Europe and Northeast Asia
• Latin America and Southeast Asia
• Freedom House
• Map of free nations

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The Bad News

• Non-democratic nations that were US allies or
  US-supported during some part of the cold war
• Nicaragua, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Panama, El
  Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Brazil, South
  Africa, Somalia, Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,
  Iran, Kenya, Zaire, South Korea, Taiwan,
  Philippines, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey,
  Thailand, Burma, Cuba

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Worse News

• PM Mossadegh Pres. Arbenz Pres. Allende
• Iran, 1953 Guatemala, 1954 Chile, 1973

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Strange News
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4. Multilateralism

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO
• Central Treaty Organization - CENTO
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization- SEATO
• Australia, New Zealand, US Pact ANZUS
• United Nations
• In Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
• deployments

21
5. Regional Conflict
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Regional Conflicts

• Israel vs. Syria/Egypt/PLO
• Ethiopia vs. Somalia (1970s)
• Taiwan vs. China (1949-present)
• S. Korea vs. N. Korea (1948-present)
• S. Viet Nam vs. N. Viet Nam (1956-1975)
• FNLA/UNITA vs. MPLA (Angola, 1970s-80s)
• Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador (1970s-80s)
• US USSR

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Rules of Regional Conflict

• 1. No direct US-Soviet conflict
• 2. No escalation

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6. Deterrence and Forward Presence

• From Great Powers to Superpowers!
• What would WW III look like?
• Underneath all the political and military action
  during Cold War
• US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, The
  Effects of Nuclear War, 1979

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Hiroshima August 6, 1945
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Hiroshima After the bomb
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Hiroshima
28
Nagasaki August 9, 1945
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Atomic and Nuclear Weapons
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ICBMIntercontinental Ballistic Missile
31
Trajectory of ICBMs
32
SLBM Submarine-launched Ballistic Missile
33
Launch Tube Hatches on USS Alabama
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Launch (artwork)
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Strategic Bombers
36
Nuclear tests
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Numbers of Nuclear Weapons
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Info on Nuclear Weapons

• Federation of American Scientists
• US Strategic Command
• Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
• Natural Resources Defense Council
• Nuclear Threat Initiative

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Deterrence and Credibility

• Influencing the enemys decision making process

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Why so many Weapons Deterrence

• Soviet First Strike Successful USSR wins
• US Second strike

US
USSR
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US Second Strike Capability

• Soviet First Strike
• US Second strike
• Scenario Everyone Dies

US
USSR
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Forward Presence

• US Military Bases World Wide 2007