Oceanography

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Oceanography

• U.E.Q. How do oceans shape our world?

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Branches of Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
Physical Oceanography
Biological Oceanography
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Water Cycle
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Questions

• 1. What are the four branches of oceanography?
• 2. What are the six steps of the water cycle?

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Oceans

• Oceans comprise 71 of the Earths surfaces.
• Most of the worlds oceans are composed of 35
  parts per million salts

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Earth's Oceans
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Questions

• 3. What are the Earths five oceans?
• 4. What percentage of the earth is water?

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Content

• Wave Action
• Tides
• Ocean Water Chemistry
• Currents and Climate
• Ocean Zones and Habitats
• Resources from the Ocean

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The Perfect Wave

• Endless Summer
• Skimboarding
• Biggest Wave

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Wave Action

• Waves form when wind blows over the waters
  surface.
• Wave Size depends on
• Wind strength
• The time the wind blows
• fetch - the distance the wind blows
• water depth
• Wave Energy moves toward shore THE WATER DOES NOT

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Questions

• 5. What are three things that a waves size
  depends on?
• 6. Does the water actually move in a wave?

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Wave Action

• Observe an animation of wave motion.

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Wave Action

• Waves are characterized by
• Wave Height (amplitude) distance crest to trough
• Wavelength distance crest to crest
• Wave propagation direction of wave motion
• Period time it takes between two crests
• Frequency how many waves pass per second
• Observe wave frequency and period

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Questions

• 7. What is wavelength?
• 8. What is the period of a wave?
• 9. What is the frequency of a wave?

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Wave Action

• Near Shore waves (Breakers)
• Wave height increases
• Wavelength decreases
• Tsunami
• High wavelength, low frequency wave
• Tsunami (511)?
• Timmys Tsunami Slideshow
• Wave Tank Demonstration

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Tides

• Tides are the alternating rise and fall of sea
  level within a day
• Tides are caused by the interaction of the
• Earth
• Moon
• Sun
• How does this happen?
• Gravity

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Questions

• 10. What happens to wave height and wavelength
  as a wave breaks?
• 11. What is the wavelength and frequency of a
  tsunami?
• 12. What are the four things that effect tides?

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Tides

• Daily Tide cycle
• Observing Tides at Cape Porpoise Harbor, Maine
• Diurnal one high, one low
• Semidiurnal two high, two low
• Mixed high, low, higher, lower
• High tides occur on points of Earth closest and
  furthest away from the moon low tides occur at
  points between the two high tides

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Tides
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Tides

• Spring Tide When the sun and moon align in any
  order Largest difference between consecutive low
  and high tides
• Neap Tide Suns pull is at tight angles to the
  moons pull least difference between consecutive
  low and high tides

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Questions

• 13. What does diurnal and semidiurnal mean?
• 14. What is the the difference between a spring
  tide and a neap tide?

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Tides

• Reading a Tide Chart
• Explanation of Tides (Bay of Fundy)?
• Observe Stop Motion of Bay of Fundy

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Ocean Water Chemistry

• There are four major trends in Ocean water
• Temperature with depth
• Salinity with depth
• Density with depth
• Pressure with depth
• Halocline - strong vertical salinity change
• Thermocline strong vertical temperature change
• Pycnocline strong vertical density change

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Ocean Water Chemistry

• Salinity the amount of salt (NaCl) in a volume
  of water (Average 35 parts per thousand)?

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Questions

• 15. What are the four major trends in ocean
  water?
• 16. What is salinity?

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Currents and Climate

• Observe Eastern Australian Current
• Surface currents v. Deep Ocean Currents
• Wind can move the top 400 m of the ocean
• Coriolis Effect the effect of Earths rotation
  on the direction of winds and currents
• Curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere
• Curve to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
• Gyre - a circular or spiral motion.

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Global Currents
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Questions

• 17. What is the Coriolis Effect?
• 18. What is a gyre?

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Currents

• Gulf Stream
• a surface current in the North Atlantic
• carries 4500 times more water than the
  Mississippi River
• Each second, ninety million cubic meters of water
  is carried past Chesapeake Bay (US) in the Gulf
  Stream.

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Currents

• Effects
• severe coastal storms, heavy rainfall, flooding
  and mud slides in California on the west coast of
  the United States.
• droughts in Mexico and Central America, which led
  to forest fires that burned for long periods of
  time and sent heavy smoke north to the United
  States.
• droughts in Australia which caused a water
  shortage.
• unusually mild winters on the east coast of the
  United States.
• droughts in the mid-west of the United States.
• economic disaster to the Peruvian fisheries.
• ice storms in eastern Canada and New England that
  caused some areas to be without power for over a
  month as rain froze on contact with telephone
  poles, wires, and trees. The weight of the ice
  caused poles to crumple and wires to break.

• El Nino
• Every three to seven years, El Niño occurs in the
  Pacific Ocean
• Nutrients normally found in the cold waters of
  the area disappear

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Currents

• Deep Ocean Currents caused by density
  differences in the water
• Upwelling - ocean water moves from the deep sea
  to the ocean surface
• Rich in nutrients plankton flourishes
• Brings cold, damp, foggy weather

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Currents
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Questions

• 19. What effect does El Nino have on a habitat?
• 20. What is upwelling?

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Ocean Floor

• Topography refers to the elevation on land
• Bathymetry is the depth of a depression.

• Sea level is an average level where topography
  and bathymetry both begin at zero for elevation
  and depth.

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Ocean Floor

• The eastern United States coast is shallower than
  the west coast of the United States.
• The deepest trenches are found in the Marianas
  Trench in the south Pacific, which is the lowest
  point on the Earths surface.
• The Hawaiian Islands are just the tops of very
  high mountains.

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Ocean Floor

• What is that?
• Listen Dolphins

Sonar
Echolocation
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Ocean Floor

• Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) Mapping
• Uses sound waves to map out the contours or the
  shape of the ocean bottom
• Sound waves return quickly if the ocean floor is
  close. 
• Sound waves take longer to return if the ocean
  floor is farther away

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Questions

• 21. What is the difference between topography
  and bathymetry?
• 22. What is used to determine depth in the ocean
  and how does it work?

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Ocean Floor

• Abyssal Plain Smooth and nearly flat region of
  the ocean floor
• Seamount mountain on the ocean floor that is
  completely under water
• Mid-ocean ridge range of mountains on the ocean
  floor
• Continental Slope incline at the edge of the
  continental shelf
• Trench canyon in the ocean floor
• Continental Shelf shallow area of the ocean
  floor extending outward from land

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Ocean Floor
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Questions

• 23. Name and define three of the six ocean floor
  features.

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Ocean Zones

• Intertidal Zone (Littoral Zone)?
• Estuary,Mangrove Forest, and Salt Marshes
• Located usually where fresh water rivers reach
  salt water ocean waterbrackish water
• Creatures must deal with changes in salinity,
  temperature, and water level
• Chesapeake Bay, Coastal Louisianna, Massachusetts
• Sandy and Rocky Shores
• Creatures must be able to survive waves and tide
  changes
• Tide Pools
• Form when tide recedes
• Creatures must deal with changes in salinity and
  temperature.

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Ocean Zones
Intertidal Zone
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Ocean Zones

• Neritic Zone
• Starts at low tide line and extends to the edge
  of the continental shelf.
• Shallow water provides sunlight.
• Coral Reefs
• Formed by tiny coral animals.
• Algae provide food for coralcan only grow in
  warm temps with plenty of sun!
• Kelp Forest
• Grow in cold water with plenty of sunlight

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Kelp Forests and Coral Reefs
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Ocean Zones

• Open-Ocean Zone
• Extends from the end of the Continental Shelf to
  the next Continental Shelf
• Surface zone
• Extends as far as the sunlight travels through
  the water.
• Can grow algae
• Transition Zone
• Cold water with no lightextends from end of
  surface zone to about 1km down

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Ocean Zones

• Open-Ocean Zone
• Megalodon (614)?
• Deep Sea Creatures (515)?

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Questions

• 24. What are the three ocean zones that we have
  covered so far and what is a characteristic of
  each?

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Ocean Zones

• Deep Zone
• Pitch black area with no light and almost
  freezing temps.
• Few Organisms live in this zone!
• Hydrothermal Vents
• Formed at divergent boundaries
• Heat from magma under the ground shoots out hot
  water and sulfur.
• Tube worms and other creatures perform
  chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis!
• Observe Hydrothermal Vents

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Ocean Resources

• Ocean Resources
• Fish
• Tuna, Mahi Mahi, tilapia, anchovies, crabs
• Observe Deadliest Catch
• Fuel
• As fish die they sink and their remains decompose
  and under pressure form oil and natural gas
• Water (Desalinization)?
• Minerals
• Magnesium, manganese, diamonds, gold

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Questions

• 25. What are some characteristics of the deep
  zone?
• 26. What process helps life thrive on
  hydrothermal vents?
• 27. What are some resources we get from the
  ocean?

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Project Earth

• Hungry Oceans
• The aim of this experiment is to encourage
  plankton growth by bringing cold water from the
  lower reaches of the ocean, to nearer the top.
  Cold, deep water contains important
  nutrients, and when this reaches the surface,
  it will then encourage the growth of
  phytoplankton. The team wants to find an
  efficient way to imitate natural plankton
  blooms  without dumping any chemicals into the
  water. 
• Episode Video Hungry Oceans

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Final Questions